Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Standards Group
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Portions of the text are copyrighted by the following parties:
The Regents of the University of California
Free Software Foundation
Ian F. Darwin
Paul Vixie
BSDI (now Wind River)
Andrew G Morgan
Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
These excerpts are being used in accordance with their respective licenses.
Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.
UNIX a registered trademark of the Open Group in the United States and other countries.
LSB is a trademark of the Free Standards Group in the USA and other countries.
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Intel and Itanium are registered trademarks and Intel386 is a trademarks of Intel Corporation.
OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
This is version 2.0 of the Linux Standard Base Specification. An implementation of this version of the specification may not claim to be an implementation of the Linux Standard Base unless it has successfully completed the compliance process as defined by the Free Standards Group.
The LSB defines a binary interface for application programs that are compiled and packaged for LSB-conforming implementations on many different hardware architectures. Since a binary specification shall include information specific to the computer processor architecture for which it is intended, it is not possible for a single document to specify the interface for all possible LSB-conforming implementations. Therefore, the LSB is a family of specifications, rather than a single one.
This document should be used in conjunction with the documents it references. This document enumerates the system components it includes, but descriptions of those components may be included entirely or partly in this document, partly in other documents, or entirely in other reference documents. For example, the section that describes system service routines includes a list of the system routines supported in this interface, formal declarations of the data structures they use that are visible to applications, and a pointer to the underlying referenced specification for information about the syntax and semantics of each call. Only those routines not described in standards referenced by this document, or extensions to those standards, are described in the detail. Information referenced in this way is as much a part of this document as is the information explicitly included here.
The Linux Standard Base (LSB) defines a system interface for compiled applications and a minimal environment for support of installation scripts. Its purpose is to enable a uniform industry standard environment for high-volume applications conforming to the LSB.
These specifications are composed of two basic parts: A common specification ("LSB-generic") describing those parts of the interface that remain constant across all implementations of the LSB, and an architecture-specific specification ("LSB-arch") describing the parts of the interface that vary by processor architecture. Together, the LSB-generic and the architecture-specific supplement for a single hardware architecture provide a complete interface specification for compiled application programs on systems that share a common hardware architecture.
The LSB-generic document shall be used in conjunction with an architecture-specific supplement. Whenever a section of the LSB-generic specification shall be supplemented by architecture-specific information, the LSB-generic document includes a reference to the architecture supplement. Architecture supplements may also contain additional information that is not referenced in the LSB-generic document.
The LSB contains both a set of Application Program Interfaces (APIs) and Application Binary Interfaces (ABIs). APIs may appear in the source code of portable applications, while the compiled binary of that application may use the larger set of ABIs. A conforming implementation shall provide all of the ABIs listed here. The compilation system may replace (e.g. by macro definition) certain APIs with calls to one or more of the underlying binary interfaces, and may insert calls to binary interfaces as needed.
The LSB is primarily a binary interface definition. Not all of the source level APIs available to applications may be contained in this specification.
This is the Core module of the Linux Standards Base (LSB). This module provides the fundemental system interfaces, libraries, and runtime environment upon which all conforming applications and libraries depend.
Interfaces described in this module are mandatory except where explicitly listed otherwise. Core interfaces may be supplemented by other modules; all modules are built upon the core.
The specifications listed below are referenced in whole or in part by the Linux Standard Base. In this specification, where only a particular section of one of these references is identified, then the normative reference is to that section alone, and the rest of the referenced document is informative.
Table 2-1. Normative References
System V Application Binary Interface - DRAFT - 17 December 2003 | http://www.caldera.com/developers/gabi/2003-12-17/contents.html |
DWARF Debugging Information Format, Revision 2.0.0 (July 27, 1993) | http://www.eagercon.com/dwarf/dwarf-2.0.0.pdf |
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) 2.3 | http://www.pathname.com/fhs/ |
IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic | http://www.ieee.org/ |
System V Application Binary Interface, Edition 4.1 | http://www.caldera.com/developers/devspecs/gabi41.pdf |
ISO/IEC 9899: 1999, Programming Languages --C | |
Linux Assigned Names And Numbers Authority | http://www.lanana.org/ |
Large File Support | http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html |
LI18NUX 2000 Globalization Specification, Version 1.0 with Amendment 4 | http://www.li18nux.org/docs/html/LI18NUX-2000-amd4.htm |
Linux Standard Base | http://www.linuxbase.org/spec/ |
OSF-RFC 86.0 | http://www.opengroup.org/tech/rfc/mirror-rfc/rfc86.0.txt |
RFC 1833: Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2 | http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1833.txt |
RFC 1952: GZIP file format specification version 4.3 | http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt |
RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message Format | http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2440.txt |
CAE Specification, May 1996, X/Open Curses, Issue 4, Version 2 (ISBN: 1-85912-171-3, C610), plus Corrigendum U018 | http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm |
The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) Version 2, Commands and Utilities (XCU), Issue 5 (ISBN: 1-85912-191-8, C604) | http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm |
CAE Specification, January 1997, System Interfaces and Headers (XSH),Issue 5 (ISBN: 1-85912-181-0, C606) | http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm |
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 | http://www.unix.org/version3/ |
System V Interface Definition, Issue 3 (ISBN 0201566524) | |
System V Interface Definition,Fourth Edition | |
zlib 1.2 Manual | http://www.gzip.org/zlib/ |
The libraries listed in Table 3-1 shall be available on a Linux Standard Base system, with the specified runtime names. The libraries listed in Table 3-2 are architecture specific, but shall be available on all LSB conforming systems. This list may be supplemented or amended by the architecture-specific specification.
Table 3-1. Standard Library Names
Library | Runtime Name |
---|---|
libdl | libdl.so.2 |
libcrypt | libcrypt.so.1 |
libz | libz.so.1 |
libncurses | libncurses.so.5 |
libutil | libutil.so.1 |
libpthread | libpthread.so.0 |
libpam | libpam.so.0 |
libgcc_s | libgcc_s.so.1 |
Table 3-2. Standard Library Names defined in the Architecture Specific Supplement
Library | Runtime Name |
---|---|
libm | See archLSB |
libc | See archLSB |
proginterp | See archLSB |
These libraries will be in an implementation-defined directory which the dynamic linker shall search by default.
An implementation shall satisfy the following requirements:
The implementation shall implement fully the architecture described in the hardware manual for the target processor architecture.
The implementation shall be capable of executing compiled applications having the format and using the system interfaces described in this document.
The implementation shall provide libraries containing the interfaces specified by this document, and shall provide a dynamic linking mechanism that allows these interfaces to be attached to applications at runtime. All the interfaces shall behave as specified in this document.
The map of virtual memory provided by the implementation shall conform to the requirements of this document.
The implementation's low-level behavior with respect to function call linkage, system traps, signals, and other such activities shall conform to the formats described in this document.
The implementation shall provide all of the mandatory interfaces in their entirety.
The implementation may provide one or more of the optional interfaces. Each optional interface that is provided shall be provided in its entirety. The product documentation shall state which optional interfaces are provided.
The implementation shall provide all files and utilities specified as part of this document in the format defined here and in other referenced documents. All commands and utilities shall behave as required by this document. The implementation shall also provide all mandatory components of an application's runtime environment that are included or referenced in this document.
The implementation, when provided with standard data formats and values at a named interface, shall provide the behavior defined for those values and data formats at that interface. However, a conforming implementation may consist of components which are separately packaged and/or sold. For example, a vendor of a conforming implementation might sell the hardware, operating system, and windowing system as separately packaged items.
The implementation may provide additional interfaces with different names. It may also provide additional behavior corresponding to data values outside the standard ranges, for standard named interfaces.
An application shall satisfy the following requirements:
Its executable files are either shell scripts or object files in the format defined for the Object File Format system interface.
Its object files participate in dynamic linking as defined in the Program Loading and Linking System interface.
It employs only the instructions, traps, and other low-level facilities defined in the Low-Level System interface as being for use by applications.
If it requires any optional interface defined in this document in order to be installed or to execute successfully, the requirement for that optional interface is stated in the application's documentation.
It does not use any interface or data format that is not required to be provided by a conforming implementation, unless:
If such an interface or data format is supplied by another application through direct invocation of that application during execution, that application is in turn an LSB conforming application.
The use of that interface or data format, as well as its source, is identified in the documentation of the application.
It shall not use any values for a named interface that are reserved for vendor extensions.
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions, as specified in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2001, 4th Edition, apply:
be able to; there is a possibility of; it is possible to
be unable to; there is no possibilty of; it is not possible to
is permitted; is allowed; is permissible
it is not required that; no...is required
is to; is required to; it is required that; has to; only...is permitted; it is necessary
is not allowed [permitted] [acceptable] [permissible]; is required to be not; is required that...be not; is not to be
it is recommended that; ought to
it is not recommended that; ought not to
For the purposes of this document, the following terms apply:
The architectural part of the LSB Specification which describes the specific parts of the interface that are platform specific. The archLSB is complementary to the gLSB.
The total set of interfaces that are available to be used in the compiled binary code of a conforming application.
The common part of the LSB Specification that describes those parts of the interface that remain constant across all hardware implementations of the LSB.
Describes a value or behavior that is not defined by this document but is selected by an implementor. The value or behavior may vary among implementations that conform to this document. An application should not rely on the existence of the value or behavior. An application that relies on such a value or behavior cannot be assured to be portable across conforming implementations. The implementor shall document such a value or behavior so that it can be used correctly by an application.
A file that is read by an interpreter (e.g., awk). The first line of the shell script includes a reference to its interpreter binary.
The set of interfaces that are available to be used in the source code of a conforming application.
Describes the nature of a value or behavior not defined by this document which results from use of an invalid program construct or invalid data input. The value or behavior may vary among implementations that conform to this document. An application should not rely on the existence or validity of the value or behavior. An application that relies on any particular value or behavior cannot be assured to be portable across conforming implementations.
Describes the nature of a value or behavior not specified by this document which results from use of a valid program construct or valid data input. The value or behavior may vary among implementations that conform to this document. An application should not rely on the existence or validity of the value or behavior. An application that relies on any particular value or behavior cannot be assured to be portable across conforming implementations.
An LSB-conforming implementation shall support some base libraries which provide interfaces for accessing the operating system, processor and other hardware in the system.
The Program Interpreter is specified in the appropriate architecture-specific LSB specification.
Table 6-1 defines the library name and shared object name for the libc library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for RPC specified in Table 6-2, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-2. libc - RPC Function Interfaces
authnone_create [1] | pmap_unset [2] | svcerr_weakauth [3] | xdr_float [3] | xdr_u_char [3] |
clnt_create [1] | setdomainname [2] | svctcp_create [2] | xdr_free [3] | xdr_u_int [2] |
clnt_pcreateerror [1] | svc_getreqset [3] | svcudp_create [2] | xdr_int [3] | xdr_u_long [3] |
clnt_perrno [1] | svc_register [2] | xdr_accepted_reply [3] | xdr_long [3] | xdr_u_short [3] |
clnt_perror [1] | svc_run [2] | xdr_array [3] | xdr_opaque [3] | xdr_union [3] |
clnt_spcreateerror [1] | svc_sendreply [2] | xdr_bool [3] | xdr_opaque_auth [3] | xdr_vector [3] |
clnt_sperrno [1] | svcerr_auth [3] | xdr_bytes [3] | xdr_pointer [3] | xdr_void [3] |
clnt_sperror [1] | svcerr_decode [3] | xdr_callhdr [3] | xdr_reference [3] | xdr_wrapstring [3] |
getdomainname [2] | svcerr_noproc [3] | xdr_callmsg [3] | xdr_rejected_reply [3] | xdrmem_create [3] |
key_decryptsession [3] | svcerr_noprog [3] | xdr_char [3] | xdr_replymsg [3] | xdrrec_create [3] |
pmap_getport [2] | svcerr_progvers [3] | xdr_double [3] | xdr_short [3] | xdrrec_eof [3] |
pmap_set [2] | svcerr_systemerr [3] | xdr_enum [3] | xdr_string [3] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[2]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for System Calls specified in Table 6-3, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-3. libc - System Calls Function Interfaces
__fxstat [1] | fchmod [2] | getwd [2] | read [2] | setrlimit [2] |
__getpgid [1] | fchown [2] | initgroups [1] | readdir [2] | setrlimit64 [3] |
__lxstat [1] | fcntl [1] | ioctl [1] | readdir_r [2] | setsid [2] |
__xmknod [1] | fdatasync [2] | kill [1] | readlink [2] | setuid [2] |
__xstat [1] | flock [1] | killpg [2] | readv [2] | sleep [2] |
access [2] | fork [2] | lchown [2] | rename [2] | statvfs [2] |
acct [1] | fstatvfs [2] | link [2] | rmdir [2] | stime [1] |
alarm [2] | fsync [2] | lockf [2] | sbrk [4] | symlink [2] |
brk [4] | ftime [2] | lseek [2] | sched_get_priority_max [2] | sync [2] |
chdir [2] | ftruncate [2] | mkdir [2] | sched_get_priority_min [2] | sysconf [2] |
chmod [2] | getcontext [2] | mkfifo [2] | sched_getparam [2] | time [2] |
chown [2] | getegid [2] | mlock [2] | sched_getscheduler [2] | times [2] |
chroot [4] | geteuid [2] | mlockall [2] | sched_rr_get_interval [2] | truncate [2] |
clock [2] | getgid [2] | mmap [2] | sched_setparam [2] | ulimit [2] |
close [2] | getgroups [2] | mprotect [2] | sched_setscheduler [2] | umask [2] |
closedir [2] | getitimer [2] | msync [2] | sched_yield [2] | uname [2] |
creat [1] | getloadavg [1] | munlock [2] | select [2] | unlink [1] |
dup [2] | getpagesize [4] | munlockall [2] | setcontext [2] | utime [2] |
dup2 [2] | getpgid [2] | munmap [2] | setegid [2] | utimes [2] |
execl [2] | getpgrp [2] | nanosleep [2] | seteuid [2] | vfork [2] |
execle [2] | getpid [2] | nice [2] | setgid [2] | wait [2] |
execlp [2] | getppid [2] | open [1] | setitimer [2] | wait3 [1] |
execv [2] | getpriority [2] | opendir [2] | setpgid [2] | wait4 [1] |
execve [2] | getrlimit [2] | pathconf [2] | setpgrp [2] | waitpid [1] |
execvp [2] | getrusage [2] | pause [2] | setpriority [2] | write [2] |
exit [2] | getsid [2] | pipe [2] | setregid [2] | writev [2] |
fchdir [2] | getuid [2] | poll [2] | setreuid [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
[3]. Large File Support
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Standard I/O specified in Table 6-4, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-4. libc - Standard I/O Function Interfaces
_IO_feof [1] | fgetpos [2] | fsetpos [2] | putchar [2] | sscanf [2] |
_IO_getc [1] | fgets [2] | ftell [2] | putchar_unlocked [2] | telldir [2] |
_IO_putc [1] | fgetwc_unlocked [1] | ftello [2] | puts [2] | tempnam [2] |
_IO_puts [1] | fileno [2] | fwrite [2] | putw [3] | ungetc [2] |
asprintf [1] | flockfile [2] | getc [2] | remove [2] | vasprintf [1] |
clearerr [2] | fopen [1] | getc_unlocked [2] | rewind [2] | vdprintf [1] |
ctermid [2] | fprintf [2] | getchar [2] | rewinddir [2] | vfprintf [2] |
fclose [2] | fputc [2] | getchar_unlocked [2] | scanf [2] | vprintf [2] |
fdopen [2] | fputs [2] | getw [3] | seekdir [2] | vsnprintf [2] |
feof [2] | fread [2] | pclose [2] | setbuf [2] | vsprintf [2] |
ferror [2] | freopen [1] | popen [2] | setbuffer [1] | |
fflush [2] | fscanf [2] | printf [2] | setvbuf [2] | |
fflush_unlocked [1] | fseek [2] | putc [2] | snprintf [2] | |
fgetc [2] | fseeko [2] | putc_unlocked [2] | sprintf [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Standard I/O specified in Table 6-5, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Signal Handling specified in Table 6-6, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-6. libc - Signal Handling Function Interfaces
__libc_current_sigrtmax [1] | sigaddset [2] | sighold [2] | sigpause [2] | sigsuspend [2] |
__libc_current_sigrtmin [1] | sigaltstack [2] | sigignore [2] | sigpending [2] | sigtimedwait [2] |
__sigsetjmp [1] | sigandset [1] | siginterrupt [2] | sigprocmask [2] | sigwait [2] |
__sysv_signal [1] | sigblock [1] | sigisemptyset [1] | sigqueue [2] | sigwaitinfo [2] |
bsd_signal [2] | sigdelset [2] | sigismember [2] | sigrelse [2] | |
psignal [1] | sigemptyset [2] | siglongjmp [2] | sigreturn [1] | |
raise [2] | sigfillset [2] | signal [2] | sigset [2] | |
sigaction [2] | siggetmask [1] | sigorset [1] | sigstack [3] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Signal Handling specified in Table 6-7, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Localization Functions specified in Table 6-8, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-8. libc - Localization Functions Function Interfaces
bind_textdomain_codeset [1] | catopen [2] | dngettext [1] | iconv_open [2] | setlocale [2] |
bindtextdomain [1] | dcgettext [1] | gettext [1] | localeconv [2] | textdomain [1] |
catclose [2] | dcngettext [1] | iconv [2] | ngettext [1] | |
catgets [2] | dgettext [1] | iconv_close [2] | nl_langinfo [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Localization Functions specified in Table 6-9, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Socket Interface specified in Table 6-10, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-10. libc - Socket Interface Function Interfaces
__h_errno_location [1] | gethostid [2] | listen [2] | sendmsg [2] | socketpair [2] |
accept [2] | gethostname [2] | recv [2] | sendto [2] | |
bind [2] | getpeername [2] | recvfrom [2] | setsockopt [1] | |
bindresvport [1] | getsockname [2] | recvmsg [2] | shutdown [2] | |
connect [2] | getsockopt [2] | send [2] | socket [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic deprecated functions for Socket Interface specified in Table 6-11, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
These interfaces are deprecated, and applications should avoid using them. These interfaces may be withdrawn in future releases of this specification. |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Wide Characters specified in Table 6-12, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-12. libc - Wide Characters Function Interfaces
__wcstod_internal [1] | mbsinit [2] | vwscanf [2] | wcsnlen [1] | wcstoumax [2] |
__wcstof_internal [1] | mbsnrtowcs [1] | wcpcpy [1] | wcsnrtombs [1] | wcstouq [1] |
__wcstol_internal [1] | mbsrtowcs [2] | wcpncpy [1] | wcspbrk [2] | wcswcs [2] |
__wcstold_internal [1] | mbstowcs [2] | wcrtomb [2] | wcsrchr [2] | wcswidth [2] |
__wcstoul_internal [1] | mbtowc [2] | wcscasecmp [1] | wcsrtombs [2] | wcsxfrm [2] |
btowc [2] | putwc [2] | wcscat [2] | wcsspn [2] | wctob [2] |
fgetwc [2] | putwchar [2] | wcschr [2] | wcsstr [2] | wctomb [2] |
fgetws [2] | swprintf [2] | wcscmp [2] | wcstod [2] | wctrans [2] |
fputwc [2] | swscanf [2] | wcscoll [2] | wcstof [2] | wctype [2] |
fputws [2] | towctrans [2] | wcscpy [2] | wcstoimax [2] | wcwidth [2] |
fwide [2] | towlower [2] | wcscspn [2] | wcstok [2] | wmemchr [2] |
fwprintf [2] | towupper [2] | wcsdup [1] | wcstol [2] | wmemcmp [2] |
fwscanf [2] | ungetwc [2] | wcsftime [2] | wcstold [2] | wmemcpy [2] |
getwc [2] | vfwprintf [2] | wcslen [2] | wcstoll [2] | wmemmove [2] |
getwchar [2] | vfwscanf [2] | wcsncasecmp [1] | wcstombs [2] | wmemset [2] |
mblen [2] | vswprintf [2] | wcsncat [2] | wcstoq [1] | wprintf [2] |
mbrlen [2] | vswscanf [2] | wcsncmp [2] | wcstoul [2] | wscanf [2] |
mbrtowc [2] | vwprintf [2] | wcsncpy [2] | wcstoull [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for String Functions specified in Table 6-13, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-13. libc - String Functions Function Interfaces
__mempcpy [1] | bzero [2] | strcasestr [1] | strncasecmp [2] | strtoimax [2] |
__rawmemchr [1] | ffs [2] | strcat [2] | strncat [2] | strtok [2] |
__stpcpy [1] | index [2] | strchr [2] | strncmp [2] | strtok_r [1] |
__strdup [1] | memccpy [2] | strcmp [2] | strncpy [2] | strtold [2] |
__strtod_internal [1] | memchr [2] | strcoll [2] | strndup [1] | strtoll [2] |
__strtof_internal [1] | memcmp [2] | strcpy [2] | strnlen [1] | strtoq [1] |
__strtok_r [1] | memcpy [2] | strcspn [2] | strpbrk [2] | strtoull [2] |
__strtol_internal [1] | memmove [2] | strdup [2] | strptime [1] | strtoumax [2] |
__strtold_internal [1] | memrchr [1] | strerror [2] | strrchr [2] | strtouq [1] |
__strtoll_internal [1] | memset [2] | strerror_r [1] | strsep [1] | strverscmp [1] |
__strtoul_internal [1] | rindex [2] | strfmon [2] | strsignal [1] | strxfrm [2] |
__strtoull_internal [1] | stpcpy [1] | strfry [1] | strspn [2] | swab [2] |
bcmp [2] | stpncpy [1] | strftime [2] | strstr [2] | |
bcopy [2] | strcasecmp [2] | strlen [2] | strtof [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for IPC Functions specified in Table 6-14, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-14. libc - IPC Functions Function Interfaces
ftok [1] | msgrcv [1] | semget [1] | shmctl [1] | |
msgctl [1] | msgsnd [1] | semop [1] | shmdt [1] | |
msgget [1] | semctl [1] | shmat [1] | shmget [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Regular Expressions specified in Table 6-15, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-15. libc - Regular Expressions Function Interfaces
regcomp [1] | regerror [1] | regexec [1] | regfree [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic deprecated functions for Regular Expressions specified in Table 6-16, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
These interfaces are deprecated, and applications should avoid using them. These interfaces may be withdrawn in future releases of this specification. |
Table 6-16. libc - Regular Expressions Deprecated Function Interfaces
advance [1] | re_comp [1] | re_exec [1] | step [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic deprecated data interfaces for Regular Expressions specified in Table 6-17, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
These interfaces are deprecated, and applications should avoid using them. These interfaces may be withdrawn in future releases of this specification. |
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Character Type Functions specified in Table 6-18, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-18. libc - Character Type Functions Function Interfaces
__ctype_b_loc(GLIBC_2.3) [1] | isalpha [2] | ispunct [2] | iswctype [1] | iswupper [2] |
__ctype_get_mb_cur_max [1] | isascii [2] | isspace [2] | iswdigit [2] | iswxdigit [2] |
__ctype_tolower_loc(GLIBC_2.3) [1] | iscntrl [2] | isupper [2] | iswgraph [2] | isxdigit [2] |
__ctype_toupper_loc(GLIBC_2.3) [1] | isdigit [2] | iswalnum [2] | iswlower [2] | toascii [2] |
_tolower [2] | isgraph [2] | iswalpha [2] | iswprint [2] | tolower [2] |
_toupper [2] | islower [2] | iswblank [2] | iswpunct [2] | toupper [2] |
isalnum [2] | isprint [2] | iswcntrl [2] | iswspace [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Time Manipulation specified in Table 6-19, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-19. libc - Time Manipulation Function Interfaces
adjtime [1] | ctime [2] | gmtime [2] | localtime_r [2] | ualarm [2] |
asctime [2] | ctime_r [2] | gmtime_r [2] | mktime [2] | |
asctime_r [2] | difftime [2] | localtime [2] | tzset [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic deprecated functions for Time Manipulation specified in Table 6-20, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
These interfaces are deprecated, and applications should avoid using them. These interfaces may be withdrawn in future releases of this specification. |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Time Manipulation specified in Table 6-21, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-21. libc - Time Manipulation Data Interfaces
__daylight [1] | __tzname [1] | timezone [2] | ||
__timezone [1] | daylight [2] | tzname [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Terminal Interface Functions specified in Table 6-22, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-22. libc - Terminal Interface Functions Function Interfaces
cfgetispeed [1] | cfsetispeed [1] | tcdrain [1] | tcgetattr [1] | tcsendbreak [1] |
cfgetospeed [1] | cfsetospeed [1] | tcflow [1] | tcgetpgrp [1] | tcsetattr [1] |
cfmakeraw [2] | cfsetspeed [2] | tcflush [1] | tcgetsid [1] | tcsetpgrp [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[2]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for System Database Interface specified in Table 6-23, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-23. libc - System Database Interface Function Interfaces
endgrent [1] | getgrgid [1] | getprotobynumber [1] | getservbyport [1] | setgrent [1] |
endnetent [1] | getgrgid_r [1] | getprotoent [1] | getservent [1] | setgroups [2] |
endprotoent [1] | getgrnam [1] | getpwent [1] | getutent [2] | setnetent [1] |
endpwent [1] | getgrnam_r [1] | getpwnam [1] | getutent_r [2] | setprotoent [1] |
endservent [1] | gethostbyaddr [1] | getpwnam_r [1] | getutxent [1] | setpwent [1] |
endutent [3] | gethostbyname [1] | getpwuid [1] | getutxid [1] | setservent [1] |
endutxent [1] | getnetbyaddr [1] | getpwuid_r [1] | getutxline [1] | setutent [2] |
getgrent [1] | getprotobyname [1] | getservbyname [1] | pututxline [1] | setutxent [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[2]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Language Support specified in Table 6-24, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-24. libc - Language Support Function Interfaces
__libc_start_main [1] | __register_atfork(GLIBC_2.3.2) [1] | _obstack_begin [1] | _obstack_newchunk [1] | obstack_free [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Large File Support specified in Table 6-25, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-25. libc - Large File Support Function Interfaces
__fxstat64 [1] | fopen64 [2] | ftello64 [2] | lseek64 [2] | readdir64 [2] |
__lxstat64 [1] | freopen64 [2] | ftruncate64 [2] | mkstemp64 [2] | statvfs64 [2] |
__xstat64 [1] | fseeko64 [2] | ftw64 [2] | mmap64 [2] | tmpfile64 [2] |
creat64 [2] | fsetpos64 [2] | getrlimit64 [2] | nftw64 [2] | truncate64 [2] |
fgetpos64 [2] | fstatvfs64 [2] | lockf64 [2] | open64 [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
[2]. Large File Support
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Standard Library specified in Table 6-26, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-26. libc - Standard Library Function Interfaces
_Exit [1] | dirname [1] | glob [1] | lsearch [1] | srand [1] |
__assert_fail [2] | div [1] | glob64 [2] | makecontext [1] | srand48 [1] |
__cxa_atexit [2] | drand48 [1] | globfree [1] | malloc [1] | srandom [1] |
__errno_location [2] | ecvt [1] | globfree64 [2] | memmem [2] | strtod [1] |
__fpending [2] | erand48 [1] | grantpt [1] | mkstemp [1] | strtol [1] |
__getpagesize [2] | err [2] | hcreate [1] | mktemp [1] | strtoul [1] |
__isinf [2] | error [2] | hdestroy [1] | mrand48 [1] | swapcontext [1] |
__isinff [2] | errx [2] | hsearch [1] | nftw [1] | syslog [1] |
__isinfl [2] | fcvt [1] | htonl [1] | nrand48 [1] | system [2] |
__isnan [2] | fmtmsg [1] | htons [1] | ntohl [1] | tdelete [1] |
__isnanf [2] | fnmatch [1] | imaxabs [1] | ntohs [1] | tfind [1] |
__isnanl [2] | fpathconf [1] | imaxdiv [1] | openlog [1] | tmpfile [1] |
__sysconf [2] | free [1] | inet_addr [1] | perror [1] | tmpnam [1] |
_exit [1] | freeaddrinfo [1] | inet_ntoa [1] | posix_memalign [1] | tsearch [1] |
_longjmp [1] | ftrylockfile [1] | inet_ntop [1] | ptsname [1] | ttyname [1] |
_setjmp [1] | ftw [1] | inet_pton [1] | putenv [1] | ttyname_r [1] |
a64l [1] | funlockfile [1] | initstate [1] | qsort [1] | twalk [1] |
abort [1] | gai_strerror [1] | insque [1] | rand [1] | unlockpt [1] |
abs [1] | gcvt [1] | isatty [1] | rand_r [1] | unsetenv [1] |
atof [1] | getaddrinfo [1] | isblank [1] | random [1] | usleep [1] |
atoi [1] | getcwd [1] | jrand48 [1] | random_r [2] | verrx [2] |
atol [1] | getdate [1] | l64a [1] | realloc [1] | vfscanf [1] |
atoll [1] | getenv [1] | labs [1] | realpath [1] | vscanf [1] |
basename [1] | getlogin [1] | lcong48 [1] | remque [1] | vsscanf [1] |
bsearch [1] | getnameinfo [1] | ldiv [1] | seed48 [1] | vsyslog [2] |
calloc [1] | getopt [2] | lfind [1] | setenv [1] | warn [2] |
closelog [1] | getopt_long [2] | llabs [1] | sethostid [2] | warnx [2] |
confstr [1] | getopt_long_only [2] | lldiv [1] | sethostname [2] | wordexp [1] |
cuserid [3] | getsubopt [1] | longjmp [1] | setlogmask [1] | wordfree [1] |
daemon [2] | gettimeofday [1] | lrand48 [1] | setstate [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[2]. Linux Standard Base
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Standard Library specified in Table 6-27, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-27. libc - Standard Library Data Interfaces
__environ [1] | _sys_errlist [1] | getdate_err [2] | opterr [1] | optopt [1] |
_environ [1] | environ [2] | optarg [2] | optind [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libc. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
The assert.h header shall define the
assert
macro. It refers to the macro
NDEBUG
, which is not defined in this
header.
If NDEBUG
is defined before the inclusion of
this header, the assert
macro shall be defined
as described below, otherwise the macro shall behave as described
in assert
in ISO/IEC 9945 POSIX.
#define assert(expr) ((void)0) |
enum { _ISupper, _ISlower, _ISalpha, _ISdigit, _ISxdigit, _ISspace, _ISprint, _ISgraph, _ISblank, _IScntrl, _ISpunct, _ISalnum } ; |
typedef struct __dirstream DIR; struct dirent { long d_ino; off_t d_off; unsigned short d_reclen; unsigned char d_type; char d_name[256]; } ; struct dirent64 { uint64_t d_ino; int64_t d_off; unsigned short d_reclen; unsigned char d_type; char d_name[256]; } ; |
#define errno (*__errno_location()) #define EPERM 1 #define ECHILD 10 #define ENETDOWN 100 #define ENETUNREACH 101 #define ENETRESET 102 #define ECONNABORTED 103 #define ECONNRESET 104 #define ENOBUFS 105 #define EISCONN 106 #define ENOTCONN 107 #define ESHUTDOWN 108 #define ETOOMANYREFS 109 #define EAGAIN 11 #define ETIMEDOUT 110 #define ECONNREFUSED 111 #define EHOSTDOWN 112 #define EHOSTUNREACH 113 #define EALREADY 114 #define EINPROGRESS 115 #define ESTALE 116 #define EUCLEAN 117 #define ENOTNAM 118 #define ENAVAIL 119 #define ENOMEM 12 #define EISNAM 120 #define EREMOTEIO 121 #define EDQUOT 122 #define ENOMEDIUM 123 #define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 #define ECANCELED 125 #define EACCES 13 #define EFAULT 14 #define ENOTBLK 15 #define EBUSY 16 #define EEXIST 17 #define EXDEV 18 #define ENODEV 19 #define ENOENT 2 #define ENOTDIR 20 #define EISDIR 21 #define EINVAL 22 #define ENFILE 23 #define EMFILE 24 #define ENOTTY 25 #define ETXTBSY 26 #define EFBIG 27 #define ENOSPC 28 #define ESPIPE 29 #define ESRCH 3 #define EROFS 30 #define EMLINK 31 #define EPIPE 32 #define EDOM 33 #define ERANGE 34 #define EDEADLK 35 #define ENAMETOOLONG 36 #define ENOLCK 37 #define ENOSYS 38 #define ENOTEMPTY 39 #define EINTR 4 #define ELOOP 40 #define ENOMSG 42 #define EIDRM 43 #define ECHRNG 44 #define EL2NSYNC 45 #define EL3HLT 46 #define EL3RST 47 #define ELNRNG 48 #define EUNATCH 49 #define EIO 5 #define ENOANO 55 #define EBADRQC 56 #define EBADSLT 57 #define EBFONT 59 #define ENXIO 6 #define ENOSTR 60 #define ENODATA 61 #define ETIME 62 #define ENOSR 63 #define ENONET 64 #define ENOPKG 65 #define EREMOTE 66 #define ENOLINK 67 #define EADV 68 #define ESRMNT 69 #define E2BIG 7 #define ECOMM 70 #define EPROTO 71 #define EMULTIHOP 72 #define EDOTDOT 73 #define EBADMSG 74 #define EOVERFLOW 75 #define ENOTUNIQ 76 #define EBADFD 77 #define EREMCHG 78 #define ELIBACC 79 #define ENOEXEC 8 #define ELIBBAD 80 #define ELIBSCN 81 #define ELIBMAX 82 #define ELIBEXEC 83 #define EILSEQ 84 #define ERESTART 85 #define ESTRPIPE 86 #define EUSERS 87 #define ENOTSOCK 88 #define EDESTADDRREQ 89 #define EBADF 9 #define EMSGSIZE 90 #define EPROTOTYPE 91 #define ENOPROTOOPT 92 #define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 #define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 #define EOPNOTSUPP 95 #define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 #define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 #define EADDRINUSE 98 #define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 #define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN #define ENOTSUP EOPNOTSUPP |
#define O_RDONLY 00 #define O_ACCMODE 0003 #define O_WRONLY 01 #define O_CREAT 0100 #define O_TRUNC 01000 #define O_SYNC 010000 #define O_RDWR 02 #define O_EXCL 0200 #define O_APPEND 02000 #define O_ASYNC 020000 #define O_NOCTTY 0400 #define O_NDELAY 04000 #define O_NONBLOCK 04000 #define FD_CLOEXEC 1 struct flock { short l_type; short l_whence; off_t l_start; off_t l_len; pid_t l_pid; } ; struct flock64 { short l_type; short l_whence; loff_t l_start; loff_t l_len; pid_t l_pid; } ; #define F_DUPFD 0 #define F_RDLCK 0 #define F_GETFD 1 #define F_WRLCK 1 #define F_SETFD 2 #define F_UNLCK 2 #define F_GETFL 3 #define F_SETFL 4 #define F_GETLK 5 #define F_SETLK 6 #define F_SETLKW 7 #define F_SETOWN 8 #define F_GETOWN 9 |
#define MM_HARD 1 #define MM_NRECOV 128 #define MM_UTIL 16 #define MM_SOFT 2 #define MM_OPSYS 32 #define MM_FIRM 4 #define MM_RECOVER 64 #define MM_APPL 8 #define MM_NOSEV 0 #define MM_HALT 1 #define MM_ERROR 2 #define MM_NULLLBL ((char *) 0) |
#define FNM_PATHNAME (1<<0) #define FNM_NOESCAPE (1<<1) #define FNM_PERIOD (1<<2) #define FNM_NOMATCH 1 |
#define FTW_D FTW_D #define FTW_DNR FTW_DNR #define FTW_DP FTW_DP #define FTW_F FTW_F #define FTW_NS FTW_NS #define FTW_SL FTW_SL #define FTW_SLN FTW_SLN enum { FTW_F, FTW_D, FTW_DNR, FTW_NS, FTW_SL, FTW_DP, FTW_SLN } ; enum { FTW_PHYS, FTW_MOUNT, FTW_CHDIR, FTW_DEPTH } ; struct FTW { int base; int level; } ; typedef int (*__ftw_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat * __status, int __flag); typedef int (*__ftw64_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat64 * __status, int __flag); typedef int (*__nftw_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat * __status, int __flag, struct FTW * __info); typedef int (*__nftw64_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat64 * __status, int __flag, struct FTW * __info); |
#define no_argument 0 #define required_argument 1 #define optional_argument 2 struct option { char *name; int has_arg; int *flag; int val; } ; |
#define GLOB_ERR (1<<0) #define GLOB_MARK (1<<1) #define GLOB_BRACE (1<<10) #define GLOB_NOMAGIC (1<<11) #define GLOB_TILDE (1<<12) #define GLOB_ONLYDIR (1<<13) #define GLOB_TILDE_CHECK (1<<14) #define GLOB_NOSORT (1<<2) #define GLOB_DOOFFS (1<<3) #define GLOB_NOCHECK (1<<4) #define GLOB_APPEND (1<<5) #define GLOB_NOESCAPE (1<<6) #define GLOB_PERIOD (1<<7) #define GLOB_MAGCHAR (1<<8) #define GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC (1<<9) #define GLOB_NOSPACE 1 #define GLOB_ABORTED 2 #define GLOB_NOMATCH 3 #define GLOB_NOSYS 4 typedef struct { size_t gl_pathc; char **gl_pathv; size_t gl_offs; int gl_flags; void (*gl_closedir) (void *); struct dirent *(*gl_readdir) (void *); void *(*gl_opendir) (const char *); int (*gl_lstat) (const char *, struct stat *); int (*gl_stat) (const char *, struct stat *); } glob_t; typedef struct { size_t gl_pathc; char **gl_pathv; size_t gl_offs; int gl_flags; void (*gl_closedir) (void *); struct dirent64 *(*gl_readdir64) (void *); void *(*gl_opendir) (const char *); int (*gl_lstat) (const char *, struct stat *); int (*gl_stat) (const char *, struct stat *); } glob64_t; |
typedef lldiv_t imaxdiv_t; typedef unsigned char uint8_t; typedef unsigned short uint16_t; typedef unsigned int uint32_t; |
#define ABDAY_1 0x20000 #define ABDAY_2 0x20001 #define ABDAY_3 0x20002 #define ABDAY_4 0x20003 #define ABDAY_5 0x20004 #define ABDAY_6 0x20005 #define ABDAY_7 0x20006 #define DAY_1 0x20007 #define DAY_2 0x20008 #define DAY_3 0x20009 #define DAY_4 0x2000A #define DAY_5 0x2000B #define DAY_6 0x2000C #define DAY_7 0x2000D #define ABMON_1 0x2000E #define ABMON_2 0x2000F #define ABMON_3 0x20010 #define ABMON_4 0x20011 #define ABMON_5 0x20012 #define ABMON_6 0x20013 #define ABMON_7 0x20014 #define ABMON_8 0x20015 #define ABMON_9 0x20016 #define ABMON_10 0x20017 #define ABMON_11 0x20018 #define ABMON_12 0x20019 #define MON_1 0x2001A #define MON_2 0x2001B #define MON_3 0x2001C #define MON_4 0x2001D #define MON_5 0x2001E #define MON_6 0x2001F #define MON_7 0x20020 #define MON_8 0x20021 #define MON_9 0x20022 #define MON_10 0x20023 #define MON_11 0x20024 #define MON_12 0x20025 #define AM_STR 0x20026 #define PM_STR 0x20027 #define D_T_FMT 0x20028 #define D_FMT 0x20029 #define T_FMT 0x2002A #define T_FMT_AMPM 0x2002B #define ERA 0x2002C #define ERA_D_FMT 0x2002E #define ALT_DIGITS 0x2002F #define ERA_D_T_FMT 0x20030 #define ERA_T_FMT 0x20031 #define CODESET 14 #define CRNCYSTR 0x4000F #define RADIXCHAR 0x10000 #define THOUSEP 0x10001 #define YESEXPR 0x50000 #define NOEXPR 0x50001 #define YESSTR 0x50002 #define NOSTR 0x50003 |
#define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX-1LL) #define ULLONG_MAX 18446744073709551615ULL #define OPEN_MAX 256 #define PATH_MAX 4096 #define LLONG_MAX 9223372036854775807LL #define SSIZE_MAX LONG_MAX #define MB_LEN_MAX 16 #define SCHAR_MIN (-128) #define SCHAR_MAX 127 #define UCHAR_MAX 255 #define CHAR_BIT 8 #define SHRT_MIN (-32768) #define SHRT_MAX 32767 #define USHRT_MAX 65535 #define INT_MIN (-INT_MAX-1) #define INT_MAX 2147483647 #define __INT_MAX__ 2147483647 #define UINT_MAX 4294967295U #define LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX-1L) |
#define LC_CTYPE 0 #define LC_NUMERIC 1 #define LC_TELEPHONE 10 #define LC_MEASUREMENT 11 #define LC_IDENTIFICATION 12 #define LC_TIME 2 #define LC_COLLATE 3 #define LC_MONETARY 4 #define LC_MESSAGES 5 #define LC_ALL 6 #define LC_PAPER 7 #define LC_NAME 8 #define LC_ADDRESS 9 struct lconv { char *decimal_point; char *thousands_sep; char *grouping; char *int_curr_symbol; char *currency_symbol; char *mon_decimal_point; char *mon_thousands_sep; char *mon_grouping; char *positive_sign; char *negative_sign; char int_frac_digits; char frac_digits; char p_cs_precedes; char p_sep_by_space; char n_cs_precedes; char n_sep_by_space; char p_sign_posn; char n_sign_posn; char int_p_cs_precedes; char int_p_sep_by_space; char int_n_cs_precedes; char int_n_sep_by_space; char int_p_sign_posn; char int_n_sign_posn; } ; typedef struct __locale_struct { struct locale_data *__locales[13]; const unsigned short *__ctype_b; const int *__ctype_tolower; const int *__ctype_toupper; const char *__names[13]; } *__locale_t; |
#define IF_NAMESIZE 16 #define IFF_UP 0x01 #define IFF_BROADCAST 0x02 #define IFF_DEBUG 0x04 #define IFF_LOOPBACK 0x08 #define IFF_POINTOPOINT 0x10 #define IFF_PROMISC 0x100 #define IFF_MULTICAST 0x1000 #define IFF_NOTRAILERS 0x20 #define IFF_RUNNING 0x40 #define IFF_NOARP 0x80 struct ifaddr { struct sockaddr ifa_addr; union { struct sockaddr ifu_broadaddr; struct sockaddr ifu_dstaddr; } ifa_ifu; void *ifa_ifp; void *ifa_next; } ; #define IFNAMSIZ IF_NAMESIZE struct ifreq { union { char ifrn_name[IFNAMSIZ]; } ifr_ifrn; union { struct sockaddr ifru_addr; struct sockaddr ifru_dstaddr; struct sockaddr ifru_broadaddr; struct sockaddr ifru_netmask; struct sockaddr ifru_hwaddr; short ifru_flags; int ifru_ivalue; int ifru_mtu; char ifru_slave[IFNAMSIZ]; char ifru_newname[IFNAMSIZ]; caddr_t ifru_data; struct ifmap ifru_map; } ifr_ifru; } ; struct ifconf { int ifc_len; union { caddr_t ifcu_buf; struct ifreq *ifcu_req; } ifc_ifcu; } ; |
#define h_errno (*__h_errno_location ()) #define NETDB_INTERNAL -1 #define NETDB_SUCCESS 0 #define HOST_NOT_FOUND 1 #define IPPORT_RESERVED 1024 #define NI_MAXHOST 1025 #define TRY_AGAIN 2 #define NO_RECOVERY 3 #define NI_MAXSERV 32 #define NO_DATA 4 #define h_addr h_addr_list[0] #define NO_ADDRESS NO_DATA struct servent { char *s_name; char **s_aliases; int s_port; char *s_proto; } ; struct hostent { char *h_name; char **h_aliases; int h_addrtype; int h_length; char **h_addr_list; } ; struct protoent { char *p_name; char **p_aliases; int p_proto; } ; struct netent { char *n_name; char **n_aliases; int n_addrtype; unsigned int n_net; } ; #define AI_PASSIVE 0x0001 #define AI_CANONNAME 0x0002 #define AI_NUMERICHOST 0x0004 struct addrinfo { int ai_flags; int ai_family; int ai_socktype; int ai_protocol; socklen_t ai_addrlen; struct sockaddr *ai_addr; char *ai_canonname; struct addrinfo *ai_next; } ; #define NI_NUMERICHOST 1 #define NI_DGRAM 16 #define NI_NUMERICSERV 2 #define NI_NOFQDN 4 #define NI_NAMEREQD 8 #define EAI_BADFLAGS -1 #define EAI_MEMORY -10 #define EAI_SYSTEM -11 #define EAI_NONAME -2 #define EAI_AGAIN -3 #define EAI_FAIL -4 #define EAI_NODATA -5 #define EAI_FAMILY -6 #define EAI_SOCKTYPE -7 #define EAI_SERVICE -8 #define EAI_ADDRFAMILY -9 |
#define IPPROTO_IP 0 #define IPPROTO_ICMP 1 #define IPPROTO_UDP 17 #define IPPROTO_IGMP 2 #define IPPROTO_RAW 255 #define IPPROTO_IPV6 41 #define IPPROTO_ICMPV6 58 #define IPPROTO_TCP 6 typedef uint16_t in_port_t; struct in_addr { uint32_t s_addr; } ; typedef uint32_t in_addr_t; #define INADDR_NONE ((in_addr_t) 0xffffffff) #define INADDR_BROADCAST (0xffffffff) #define INADDR_ANY 0 struct in6_addr { union { uint8_t u6_addr8[16]; uint16_t u6_addr16[8]; uint32_t u6_addr32[4]; } in6_u; } ; #define IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT { { { 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 } } } #define IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT { { { 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1 } } } #define INET_ADDRSTRLEN 16 struct sockaddr_in { sa_family_t sin_family; unsigned short sin_port; struct in_addr sin_addr; unsigned char sin_zero[8]; } ; #define INET6_ADDRSTRLEN 46 struct sockaddr_in6 { unsigned short sin6_family; uint16_t sin6_port; uint32_t sin6_flowinfo; struct in6_addr sin6_addr; uint32_t sin6_scope_id; } ; #define SOL_IP 0 #define IP_TOS 1 #define IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS 16 #define IPV6_MULTICAST_IF 17 #define IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS 18 #define IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP 19 #define IPV6_JOIN_GROUP 20 #define IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP 21 #define IPV6_V6ONLY 26 #define IP_MULTICAST_IF 32 #define IP_MULTICAST_TTL 33 #define IP_MULTICAST_LOOP 34 #define IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP 35 #define IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP 36 struct ipv6_mreq { struct in6_addr ipv6mr_multiaddr; int ipv6mr_interface; } ; struct ip_mreq { struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; struct in_addr imr_interface; } ; |
struct winsize { unsigned short ws_row; unsigned short ws_col; unsigned short ws_xpixel; unsigned short ws_ypixel; } ; |
struct passwd { char *pw_name; char *pw_passwd; uid_t pw_uid; gid_t pw_gid; char *pw_gecos; char *pw_dir; char *pw_shell; } ; |
#define RE_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_LISTS ((unsigned long int)1) #define RE_BK_PLUS_QM (RE_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_LISTS<<1) #define RE_SYNTAX_AWK (RE_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_LISTS|RE_DOT_NOT_NULL|RE_NO_BK_PARENS| RE_NO_BK_REFS| RE_NO_BK_VBAR| RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES| RE_DOT_NEWLINE| RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS| RE_UNMATCHED_RIGHT_PAREN_ORD | RE_NO_GNU_OPS) #define RE_CHAR_CLASSES (RE_BK_PLUS_QM<<1) #define RE_SYNTAX_GREP (RE_BK_PLUS_QM|RE_CHAR_CLASSES|RE_HAT_LISTS_NOT_NEWLINE|RE_INTERVALS|RE_NEWLINE_ALT) #define RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS (RE_CHAR_CLASSES<<1) #define RE_SYNTAX_EGREP (RE_CHAR_CLASSES|RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS| RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_OPS|RE_HAT_LISTS_NOT_NEWLINE|RE_NEWLINE_ALT|RE_NO_BK_PARENS|RE_NO_BK_VBAR) #define _RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_COMMON (RE_CHAR_CLASSES|RE_DOT_NEWLINE|RE_DOT_NOT_NULL|RE_INTERVALS|RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES) #define RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_OPS (RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS<<1) #define RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_OPS (RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_OPS<<1) #define RE_DOT_NEWLINE (RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_OPS<<1) #define RE_INVALID_INTERVAL_ORD (RE_DEBUG<<1) #define RE_DOT_NOT_NULL (RE_DOT_NEWLINE<<1) #define RE_HAT_LISTS_NOT_NEWLINE (RE_DOT_NOT_NULL<<1) #define RE_INTERVALS (RE_HAT_LISTS_NOT_NEWLINE<<1) #define RE_LIMITED_OPS (RE_INTERVALS<<1) #define RE_NEWLINE_ALT (RE_LIMITED_OPS<<1) #define RE_NO_BK_BRACES (RE_NEWLINE_ALT<<1) #define RE_NO_BK_PARENS (RE_NO_BK_BRACES<<1) #define RE_NO_BK_REFS (RE_NO_BK_PARENS<<1) #define RE_NO_BK_VBAR (RE_NO_BK_REFS<<1) #define RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES (RE_NO_BK_VBAR<<1) #define RE_UNMATCHED_RIGHT_PAREN_ORD (RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES<<1) #define RE_DEBUG (RE_NO_GNU_OPS<<1) #define RE_NO_GNU_OPS (RE_NO_POSIX_BACKTRACKING<<1) #define RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_EGREP (RE_SYNTAX_EGREP|RE_INTERVALS|RE_NO_BK_BRACES|RE_INVALID_INTERVAL_ORD) #define RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_AWK (RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_EXTENDED|RE_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_LISTS|RE_INTERVALS|RE_NO_GNU_OPS) #define RE_NO_POSIX_BACKTRACKING (RE_UNMATCHED_RIGHT_PAREN_ORD<<1) #define RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC (_RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_COMMON|RE_BK_PLUS_QM) #define RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_EXTENDED (_RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_COMMON|RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS|RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_OPS|RE_NO_BK_BRACES|RE_NO_BK_PARENS|RE_NO_BK_VBAR|RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_OPS|RE_UNMATCHED_RIGHT_PAREN_ORD) #define RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_MINIMAL_EXTENDED (_RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_COMMON|RE_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS|RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_OPS|RE_NO_BK_BRACES|RE_NO_BK_PARENS|RE_NO_BK_REFS|RE_NO_BK_VBAR|RE_UNMATCHED_RIGHT_PAREN_ORD) #define RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_MINIMAL_BASIC (_RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_COMMON|RE_LIMITED_OPS) #define RE_SYNTAX_ED RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC #define RE_SYNTAX_SED RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC typedef unsigned long reg_syntax_t; typedef struct re_pattern_buffer { unsigned char *buffer; unsigned long allocated; unsigned long used; reg_syntax_t syntax; char *fastmap; char *translate; size_t re_nsub; unsigned int can_be_null:1; unsigned int regs_allocated:2; unsigned int fastmap_accurate:1; unsigned int no_sub:1; unsigned int not_bol:1; unsigned int not_eol:1; unsigned int newline_anchor:1; } regex_t; typedef int regoff_t; typedef struct { regoff_t rm_so; regoff_t rm_eo; } regmatch_t; #define REG_NOTEOL (1<<1) #define REG_ICASE (REG_EXTENDED<<1) #define REG_NEWLINE (REG_ICASE<<1) #define REG_NOSUB (REG_NEWLINE<<1) #define REG_NOMATCH -1 #define REG_EXTENDED 1 #define REG_NOTBOL 1 |
enum auth_stat { AUTH_OK, AUTH_BADCRED = 1, AUTH_REJECTEDCRED = 2, AUTH_BADVERF = 3, AUTH_REJECTEDVERF = 4, AUTH_TOOWEAK = 5, AUTH_INVALIDRESP = 6, AUTH_FAILED = 7 } ; union des_block { struct { u_int32_t high; u_int32_t low; } key; char c[8]; } ; struct opaque_auth { enum_t oa_flavor; caddr_t oa_base; u_int oa_length; } ; typedef struct AUTH { struct opaque_auth ah_cred; struct opaque_auth ah_verf; union des_block ah_key; struct auth_ops *ah_ops; caddr_t ah_private; } AUTH; struct auth_ops { void (*ah_nextverf) (struct AUTH *); int (*ah_marshal) (struct AUTH *, XDR *); int (*ah_validate) (struct AUTH *, struct opaque_auth *); int (*ah_refresh) (struct AUTH *); void (*ah_destroy) (struct AUTH *); } ; |
#define clnt_control(cl,rq,in) ((*(cl)->cl_ops->cl_control)(cl,rq,in)) #define clnt_abort(rh) ((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_abort)(rh)) #define clnt_call(rh, proc, xargs, argsp, xres, resp, secs) ((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_call)(rh, proc, xargs, argsp, xres, resp, secs)) #define clnt_destroy(rh) ((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_destroy)(rh)) #define clnt_freeres(rh,xres,resp) ((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_freeres)(rh,xres,resp)) #define clnt_geterr(rh,errp) ((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_geterr)(rh, errp)) #define NULLPROC ((u_long)0) #define CLSET_TIMEOUT 1 #define CLGET_XID 10 #define CLSET_XID 11 #define CLGET_VERS 12 #define CLSET_VERS 13 #define CLGET_PROG 14 #define CLSET_PROG 15 #define CLGET_TIMEOUT 2 #define CLGET_SERVER_ADDR 3 #define CLSET_RETRY_TIMEOUT 4 #define CLGET_RETRY_TIMEOUT 5 #define CLGET_FD 6 #define CLGET_SVC_ADDR 7 #define CLSET_FD_CLOSE 8 #define CLSET_FD_NCLOSE 9 enum clnt_stat { RPC_SUCCESS, RPC_CANTENCODEARGS = 1, RPC_CANTDECODERES = 2, RPC_CANTSEND = 3, RPC_CANTRECV = 4, RPC_TIMEDOUT = 5, RPC_VERSMISMATCH = 6, RPC_AUTHERROR = 7, RPC_PROGUNAVAIL = 8, RPC_PROGVERSMISMATCH = 9, RPC_PROCUNAVAIL = 10, RPC_CANTDECODEARGS = 11, RPC_SYSTEMERROR = 12, RPC_NOBROADCAST = 21, RPC_UNKNOWNHOST = 13, RPC_UNKNOWNPROTO = 17, RPC_UNKNOWNADDR = 19, RPC_RPCBFAILURE = 14, RPC_PROGNOTREGISTERED = 15, RPC_N2AXLATEFAILURE = 22, RPC_FAILED = 16, RPC_INTR = 18, RPC_TLIERROR = 20, RPC_UDERROR = 23, RPC_INPROGRESS = 24, RPC_STALERACHANDLE = 25 } ; struct rpc_err { enum clnt_stat re_status; union { int RE_errno; enum auth_stat RE_why; struct { u_long low; u_long high; } RE_vers; struct { long s1; long s2; } RE_lb; } ru; } ; typedef struct CLIENT { struct AUTH *cl_auth; struct clnt_ops *cl_ops; caddr_t cl_private; } CLIENT; struct clnt_ops { enum clnt_stat (*cl_call) (struct CLIENT *, u_long, xdrproc_t, caddr_t, xdrproc_t, caddr_t, struct timeval); void (*cl_abort) (void); void (*cl_geterr) (struct CLIENT *, struct rpc_err *); bool_t (*cl_freeres) (struct CLIENT *, xdrproc_t, caddr_t); void (*cl_destroy) (struct CLIENT *); bool_t (*cl_control) (struct CLIENT *, int, char *); } ; |
enum msg_type { CALL, REPLY = 1 } ; enum reply_stat { MSG_ACCEPTED, MSG_DENIED = 1 } ; enum accept_stat { SUCCESS, PROG_UNAVAIL = 1, PROG_MISMATCH = 2, PROC_UNAVAIL = 3, GARBAGE_ARGS = 4, SYSTEM_ERR = 5 } ; enum reject_stat { RPC_MISMATCH, AUTH_ERROR = 1 } ; struct accepted_reply { struct opaque_auth ar_verf; enum accept_stat ar_stat; union { struct { unsigned long low; unsigned long high; } AR_versions; struct { caddr_t where; xdrproc_t proc; } AR_results; } ru; } ; struct rejected_reply { enum reject_stat rj_stat; union { struct { unsigned long low; unsigned long high; } RJ_versions; enum auth_stat RJ_why; } ru; } ; struct reply_body { enum reply_stat rp_stat; union { struct accepted_reply RP_ar; struct rejected_reply RP_dr; } ru; } ; struct call_body { unsigned long cb_rpcvers; unsigned long cb_prog; unsigned long cb_vers; unsigned long cb_proc; struct opaque_auth cb_cred; struct opaque_auth cb_verf; } ; struct rpc_msg { unsigned long rm_xid; enum msg_type rm_direction; union { struct call_body RM_cmb; struct reply_body RM_rmb; } ru; } ; |
#define svc_freeargs(xprt,xargs, argsp) (*(xprt)->xp_ops->xp_freeargs)((xprt), (xargs), (argsp)) #define svc_getargs(xprt,xargs, argsp) (*(xprt)->xp_ops->xp_getargs)((xprt), (xargs), (argsp)) #define RPC_ANYSOCK -1 typedef struct SVCXPRT { int xp_sock; u_short xp_port; struct xp_ops *xp_ops; int xp_addrlen; struct sockaddr_in xp_raddr; struct opaque_auth xp_verf; caddr_t xp_p1; caddr_t xp_p2; char xp_pad[256]; } SVCXPRT; struct svc_req { rpcprog_t rq_prog; rpcvers_t rq_vers; rpcproc_t rq_proc; struct opaque_auth rq_cred; caddr_t rq_clntcred; SVCXPRT *rq_xprt; } ; typedef void (*__dispatch_fn_t) (struct svc_req *, SVCXPRT *); struct xp_ops { bool_t (*xp_recv) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, struct rpc_msg * __msg); enum xprt_stat (*xp_stat) (SVCXPRT * __xprt); bool_t (*xp_getargs) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, xdrproc_t __xdr_args, caddr_t args_ptr); bool_t (*xp_reply) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, struct rpc_msg * __msg); bool_t (*xp_freeargs) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, xdrproc_t __xdr_args, caddr_t args_ptr); void (*xp_destroy) (SVCXPRT * __xprt); } ; |
typedef int bool_t; typedef int enum_t; typedef unsigned long rpcprog_t; typedef unsigned long rpcvers_t; typedef unsigned long rpcproc_t; typedef unsigned long rpcprot_t; |
enum xdr_op { XDR_ENCODE, XDR_DECODE, XDR_FREE } ; typedef struct XDR { enum xdr_op x_op; struct xdr_ops *x_ops; caddr_t x_public; caddr_t x_private; caddr_t x_base; int x_handy; } XDR; struct xdr_ops { bool_t (*x_getlong) (XDR * __xdrs, long *__lp); bool_t (*x_putlong) (XDR * __xdrs, long *__lp); bool_t (*x_getbytes) (XDR * __xdrs, caddr_t __addr, u_int __len); bool_t (*x_putbytes) (XDR * __xdrs, char *__addr, u_int __len); u_int (*x_getpostn) (XDR * __xdrs); bool_t (*x_setpostn) (XDR * __xdrs, u_int __pos); int32_t *(*x_inline) (XDR * __xdrs, int __len); void (*x_destroy) (XDR * __xdrs); bool_t (*x_getint32) (XDR * __xdrs, int32_t * __ip); bool_t (*x_putint32) (XDR * __xdrs, int32_t * __ip); } ; typedef bool_t (*xdrproc_t) (XDR *, void *, ...); struct xdr_discrim { int value; xdrproc_t proc; } ; |
#define SCHED_OTHER 0 #define SCHED_FIFO 1 #define SCHED_RR 2 struct sched_param { int sched_priority; } ; |
typedef struct entry { char *key; void *data; } ENTRY; typedef enum { FIND, ENTER } ACTION; typedef enum { preorder, postorder, endorder, leaf } VISIT; typedef void (*__action_fn_t) (void *__nodep, VISIT __value, int __level); |
#define setjmp(env) _setjmp(env) #define sigsetjmp(a,b) __sigsetjmp(a,b) struct __jmp_buf_tag { __jmp_buf __jmpbuf; int __mask_was_saved; sigset_t __saved_mask; } ; typedef struct __jmp_buf_tag jmp_buf[1]; typedef jmp_buf sigjmp_buf; |
#define SIGRTMAX (__libc_current_sigrtmax ()) #define SIGRTMIN (__libc_current_sigrtmin ()) #define SIG_BLOCK 0 #define SIG_UNBLOCK 1 #define SIG_SETMASK 2 #define NSIG 65 typedef int sig_atomic_t; struct sigstack { void *ss_sp; int ss_onstack; } ; typedef void (*sighandler_t) (int); #define SIG_HOLD ((sighandler_t) 2) #define SIG_ERR ((sighandler_t)-1) #define SIG_DFL ((sighandler_t)0) #define SIG_IGN ((sighandler_t)1) #define SIGHUP 1 #define SIGUSR1 10 #define SIGSEGV 11 #define SIGUSR2 12 #define SIGPIPE 13 #define SIGALRM 14 #define SIGTERM 15 #define SIGSTKFLT 16 #define SIGCHLD 17 #define SIGCONT 18 #define SIGSTOP 19 #define SIGINT 2 #define SIGTSTP 20 #define SIGTTIN 21 #define SIGTTOU 22 #define SIGURG 23 #define SIGXCPU 24 #define SIGXFSZ 25 #define SIGVTALRM 26 #define SIGPROF 27 #define SIGWINCH 28 #define SIGIO 29 #define SIGQUIT 3 #define SIGPWR 30 #define SIGSYS 31 #define SIGUNUSED 31 #define SIGILL 4 #define SIGTRAP 5 #define SIGABRT 6 #define SIGIOT 6 #define SIGBUS 7 #define SIGFPE 8 #define SIGKILL 9 #define SIGCLD SIGCHLD #define SIGPOLL SIGIO #define SV_ONSTACK (1<<0) #define SV_INTERRUPT (1<<1) #define SV_RESETHAND (1<<2) typedef union sigval { int sival_int; void *sival_ptr; } sigval_t; #define SIGEV_SIGNAL 0 #define SIGEV_NONE 1 #define SIGEV_THREAD 2 typedef struct sigevent { sigval_t sigev_value; int sigev_signo; int sigev_notify; union { int _pad[SIGEV_PAD_SIZE]; struct { void (*sigev_thread_func) (sigval_t); void *_attribute; } _sigev_thread; } _sigev_un; } sigevent_t; #define si_pid _sifields._kill._pid #define si_uid _sifields._kill._uid #define si_value _sifields._rt._sigval #define si_int _sifields._rt._sigval.sival_int #define si_ptr _sifields._rt._sigval.sival_ptr #define si_status _sifields._sigchld._status #define si_stime _sifields._sigchld._stime #define si_utime _sifields._sigchld._utime #define si_addr _sifields._sigfault._addr #define si_band _sifields._sigpoll._band #define si_fd _sifields._sigpoll._fd #define si_timer1 _sifields._timer._timer1 #define si_timer2 _sifields._timer._timer2 typedef struct siginfo { int si_signo; int si_errno; int si_code; union { int _pad[SI_PAD_SIZE]; struct { pid_t _pid; uid_t _uid; } _kill; struct { unsigned int _timer1; unsigned int _timer2; } _timer; struct { pid_t _pid; uid_t _uid; sigval_t _sigval; } _rt; struct { pid_t _pid; uid_t _uid; int _status; clock_t _utime; clock_t _stime; } _sigchld; struct { void *_addr; } _sigfault; struct { int _band; int _fd; } _sigpoll; } _sifields; } siginfo_t; #define SI_QUEUE -1 #define SI_TIMER -2 #define SI_MESGQ -3 #define SI_ASYNCIO -4 #define SI_SIGIO -5 #define SI_TKILL -6 #define SI_ASYNCNL -60 #define SI_USER 0 #define SI_KERNEL 0x80 #define ILL_ILLOPC 1 #define ILL_ILLOPN 2 #define ILL_ILLADR 3 #define ILL_ILLTRP 4 #define ILL_PRVOPC 5 #define ILL_PRVREG 6 #define ILL_COPROC 7 #define ILL_BADSTK 8 #define FPE_INTDIV 1 #define FPE_INTOVF 2 #define FPE_FLTDIV 3 #define FPE_FLTOVF 4 #define FPE_FLTUND 5 #define FPE_FLTRES 6 #define FPE_FLTINV 7 #define FPE_FLTSUB 8 #define SEGV_MAPERR 1 #define SEGV_ACCERR 2 #define BUS_ADRALN 1 #define BUS_ADRERR 2 #define BUS_OBJERR 3 #define TRAP_BRKPT 1 #define TRAP_TRACE 2 #define CLD_EXITED 1 #define CLD_KILLED 2 #define CLD_DUMPED 3 #define CLD_TRAPPED 4 #define CLD_STOPPED 5 #define CLD_CONTINUED 6 #define POLL_IN 1 #define POLL_OUT 2 #define POLL_MSG 3 #define POLL_ERR 4 #define POLL_PRI 5 #define POLL_HUP 6 typedef struct { unsigned long sig[_SIGSET_NWORDS]; } sigset_t; #define SA_NOCLDSTOP 0x00000001 #define SA_NOCLDWAIT 0x00000002 #define SA_SIGINFO 0x00000004 #define SA_ONSTACK 0x08000000 #define SA_RESTART 0x10000000 #define SA_INTERRUPT 0x20000000 #define SA_NODEFER 0x40000000 #define SA_RESETHAND 0x80000000 #define SA_NOMASK SA_NODEFER #define SA_ONESHOT SA_RESETHAND typedef struct sigaltstack { void *ss_sp; int ss_flags; size_t ss_size; } stack_t; #define SS_ONSTACK 1 #define SS_DISABLE 2 |
#define offsetof(TYPE,MEMBER) ((size_t)& ((TYPE*)0)->MEMBER) #define NULL (0L) typedef int wchar_t; |
#define EOF (-1) #define P_tmpdir "/tmp" #define FOPEN_MAX 16 #define L_tmpnam 20 #define FILENAME_MAX 4096 #define BUFSIZ 8192 #define L_ctermid 9 #define L_cuserid 9 typedef struct { off_t __pos; mbstate_t __state; } fpos_t; typedef struct { off64_t __pos; mbstate_t __state; } fpos64_t; typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE; #define _IOFBF 0 #define _IOLBF 1 #define _IONBF 2 |
#define MB_CUR_MAX (__ctype_get_mb_cur_max()) #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 #define EXIT_FAILURE 1 #define RAND_MAX 2147483647 typedef int (*__compar_fn_t) (const void *, const void *); struct random_data { int32_t *fptr; int32_t *rptr; int32_t *state; int rand_type; int rand_deg; int rand_sep; int32_t *end_ptr; } ; typedef struct { int quot; int rem; } div_t; typedef struct { long quot; long rem; } ldiv_t; typedef struct { long long quot; long long rem; } lldiv_t; |
#define IPC_PRIVATE ((key_t)0) #define IPC_RMID 0 #define IPC_CREAT 00001000 #define IPC_EXCL 00002000 #define IPC_NOWAIT 00004000 #define IPC_SET 1 #define IPC_STAT 2 |
#define MAP_FAILED ((void*)-1) #define PROT_NONE 0x0 #define MAP_SHARED 0x01 #define MAP_PRIVATE 0x02 #define PROT_READ 0x1 #define MAP_FIXED 0x10 #define PROT_WRITE 0x2 #define MAP_ANONYMOUS 0x20 #define PROT_EXEC 0x4 #define MS_ASYNC 1 #define MS_INVALIDATE 2 #define MS_SYNC 4 #define MAP_ANON MAP_ANONYMOUS |
#define POLLIN 0x0001 #define POLLPRI 0x0002 #define POLLOUT 0x0004 #define POLLERR 0x0008 #define POLLHUP 0x0010 #define POLLNVAL 0x0020 struct pollfd { int fd; short events; short revents; } ; typedef unsigned long nfds_t; |
#define RUSAGE_CHILDREN (-1) #define RUSAGE_BOTH (-2) #define RLIM_INFINITY (~0UL) #define RLIM_SAVED_CUR -1 #define RLIM_SAVED_MAX -1 #define RLIMIT_CPU 0 #define RUSAGE_SELF 0 #define RLIMIT_FSIZE 1 #define RLIMIT_DATA 2 #define RLIMIT_STACK 3 #define RLIMIT_CORE 4 #define RLIMIT_NOFILE 7 #define RLIMIT_AS 9 typedef unsigned long rlim_t; typedef unsigned long long rlim64_t; typedef int __rlimit_resource_t; struct rlimit { rlim_t rlim_cur; rlim_t rlim_max; } ; struct rlimit64 { rlim64_t rlim_cur; rlim64_t rlim_max; } ; struct rusage { struct timeval ru_utime; struct timeval ru_stime; long ru_maxrss; long ru_ixrss; long ru_idrss; long ru_isrss; long ru_minflt; long ru_majflt; long ru_nswap; long ru_inblock; long ru_oublock; long ru_msgsnd; long ru_msgrcv; long ru_nsignals; long ru_nvcsw; long ru_nivcsw; } ; enum __priority_which { PRIO_PROCESS, PRIO_PGRP = 1, PRIO_USER = 2 } ; #define PRIO_PGRP PRIO_PGRP #define PRIO_PROCESS PRIO_PROCESS #define PRIO_USER PRIO_USER typedef enum __priority_which __priority_which_t; |
#define SEM_UNDO 0x1000 #define GETPID 11 #define GETVAL 12 #define GETALL 13 #define GETNCNT 14 #define GETZCNT 15 #define SETVAL 16 #define SETALL 17 struct sembuf { short sem_num; short sem_op; short sem_flg; } ; |
#define SHM_RDONLY 010000 #define SHM_W 0200 #define SHM_RND 020000 #define SHM_R 0400 #define SHM_REMAP 040000 #define SHM_LOCK 11 #define SHM_UNLOCK 12 |
#define SHUT_RD 0 #define MSG_WAITALL 0x100 #define MSG_TRUNC 0x20 #define MSG_EOR 0x80 #define SIOCGIFCONF 0x8912 #define SIOCGIFFLAGS 0x8913 #define SIOCGIFADDR 0x8915 #define SIOCGIFNETMASK 0x891b #define MSG_OOB 1 #define SHUT_WR 1 #define MSG_PEEK 2 #define SHUT_RDWR 2 #define MSG_DONTROUTE 4 #define MSG_CTRUNC 8 #define PF_UNSPEC AF_UNSPEC struct linger { int l_onoff; int l_linger; } ; struct cmsghdr { size_t cmsg_len; int cmsg_level; int cmsg_type; } ; struct iovec { void *iov_base; size_t iov_len; } ; typedef unsigned short sa_family_t; typedef unsigned int socklen_t; struct sockaddr { sa_family_t sa_family; char sa_data[14]; } ; struct sockaddr_storage { sa_family_t ss_family; __ss_aligntype __ss_align; char __ss_padding[(128 - (2 * sizeof (__ss_aligntype)))]; } ; struct msghdr { void *msg_name; int msg_namelen; struct iovec *msg_iov; size_t msg_iovlen; void *msg_control; size_t msg_controllen; unsigned int msg_flags; } ; #define AF_UNSPEC 0 #define AF_UNIX 1 #define AF_INET6 10 #define AF_INET 2 #define PF_INET AF_INET #define PF_INET6 AF_INET6 #define PF_UNIX AF_UNIX #define SOCK_STREAM 1 #define SOCK_PACKET 10 #define SOCK_DGRAM 2 #define SOCK_RAW 3 #define SOCK_RDM 4 #define SOCK_SEQPACKET 5 #define SOL_SOCKET 1 #define SO_DEBUG 1 #define SO_OOBINLINE 10 #define SO_NO_CHECK 11 #define SO_PRIORITY 12 #define SO_LINGER 13 #define SO_REUSEADDR 2 #define SOL_RAW 255 #define SO_TYPE 3 #define SO_ERROR 4 #define SO_DONTROUTE 5 #define SO_BROADCAST 6 #define SO_SNDBUF 7 #define SO_RCVBUF 8 #define SO_KEEPALIVE 9 |
#define S_ISBLK(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFBLK) #define S_ISCHR(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFCHR) #define S_ISDIR(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFDIR) #define S_ISFIFO(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFIFO) #define S_ISLNK(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFLNK) #define S_ISREG(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFREG) #define S_ISSOCK(m) (((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFSOCK) #define S_TYPEISMQ(buf) ((buf)->st_mode - (buf)->st_mode) #define S_TYPEISSEM(buf) ((buf)->st_mode - (buf)->st_mode) #define S_TYPEISSHM(buf) ((buf)->st_mode - (buf)->st_mode) #define S_IRWXU (S_IREAD|S_IWRITE|S_IEXEC) #define S_IROTH (S_IRGRP>>3) #define S_IRGRP (S_IRUSR>>3) #define S_IRWXO (S_IRWXG>>3) #define S_IRWXG (S_IRWXU>>3) #define S_IWOTH (S_IWGRP>>3) #define S_IWGRP (S_IWUSR>>3) #define S_IXOTH (S_IXGRP>>3) #define S_IXGRP (S_IXUSR>>3) #define S_ISVTX 01000 #define S_IXUSR 0x0040 #define S_IWUSR 0x0080 #define S_IRUSR 0x0100 #define S_ISGID 0x0400 #define S_ISUID 0x0800 #define S_IFIFO 0x1000 #define S_IFCHR 0x2000 #define S_IFDIR 0x4000 #define S_IFBLK 0x6000 #define S_IFREG 0x8000 #define S_IFLNK 0xa000 #define S_IFSOCK 0xc000 #define S_IFMT 0xf000 #define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec #define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec #define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec #define S_IREAD S_IRUSR #define S_IWRITE S_IWUSR #define S_IEXEC S_IXUSR |
#define ITIMER_REAL 0 #define ITIMER_VIRTUAL 1 #define ITIMER_PROF 2 struct timezone { int tz_minuteswest; int tz_dsttime; } ; typedef int __itimer_which_t; struct timespec { time_t tv_sec; long tv_nsec; } ; struct timeval { time_t tv_sec; suseconds_t tv_usec; } ; struct itimerval { struct timeval it_interval; struct timeval it_value; } ; |
struct tms { clock_t tms_utime; clock_t tms_stime; clock_t tms_cutime; clock_t tms_cstime; } ; |
#define FD_ISSET(d,set) ((set)->fds_bits[((d)/(8*sizeof(long)))]& (1<<((d)%(8*sizeof(long))))) #define FD_CLR(d,set) ((set)->fds_bits[((d)/(8*sizeof(long)))]& =~(1<<((d)%(8*sizeof(long))))) #define FD_SET(d,set) ((set)->fds_bits[((d)/(8*sizeof(long)))]|=(1<<((d)%(8*sizeof(long))))) #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 #define FD_SETSIZE 1024 #define FD_ZERO(fdsetp) bzero(fdsetp, sizeof(*(fdsetp))) typedef signed char int8_t; typedef short int16_t; typedef int int32_t; typedef unsigned char u_int8_t; typedef unsigned short u_int16_t; typedef unsigned int u_int32_t; typedef unsigned int uid_t; typedef int pid_t; typedef unsigned long off_t; typedef int key_t; typedef long suseconds_t; typedef unsigned int u_int; typedef struct { int __val[2]; } fsid_t; typedef unsigned int useconds_t; typedef unsigned long blksize_t; typedef long fd_mask; typedef int timer_t; typedef int clockid_t; typedef unsigned int id_t; typedef unsigned long long ino64_t; typedef long long loff_t; typedef unsigned long blkcnt_t; typedef unsigned long fsblkcnt_t; typedef unsigned long fsfilcnt_t; typedef unsigned long long blkcnt64_t; typedef unsigned long long fsblkcnt64_t; typedef unsigned long long fsfilcnt64_t; typedef unsigned char u_char; typedef unsigned short u_short; typedef unsigned long u_long; typedef unsigned long ino_t; typedef unsigned int gid_t; typedef unsigned long long dev_t; typedef unsigned int mode_t; typedef unsigned long nlink_t; typedef char *caddr_t; typedef struct { unsigned long fds_bits[__FDSET_LONGS]; } fd_set; typedef long clock_t; typedef long time_t; |
#define UNIX_PATH_MAX 108 struct sockaddr_un { sa_family_t sun_family; char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX]; } ; |
#define SYS_NMLN 65 struct utsname { char sysname[65]; char nodename[65]; char release[65]; char version[65]; char machine[65]; char domainname[65]; } ; |
#define WIFSIGNALED(status) (!WIFSTOPPED(status) & & !WIFEXITED(status)) #define WIFSTOPPED(status) (((status) & 0xff) == 0x7f) #define WEXITSTATUS(status) (((status) & 0xff00) >> 8) #define WTERMSIG(status) ((status) & 0x7f) #define WCOREDUMP(status) ((status) & 0x80) #define WIFEXITED(status) (WTERMSIG(status) == 0) #define WNOHANG 0x00000001 #define WUNTRACED 0x00000002 #define WCOREFLAG 0x80 #define WSTOPSIG(status) WEXITSTATUS(status) typedef enum { P_ALL, P_PID, P_PGID } idtype_t; |
#define LOG_EMERG 0 #define LOG_PRIMASK 0x07 #define LOG_ALERT 1 #define LOG_CRIT 2 #define LOG_ERR 3 #define LOG_WARNING 4 #define LOG_NOTICE 5 #define LOG_INFO 6 #define LOG_DEBUG 7 #define LOG_KERN (0<<3) #define LOG_AUTHPRIV (10<<3) #define LOG_FTP (11<<3) #define LOG_USER (1<<3) #define LOG_MAIL (2<<3) #define LOG_DAEMON (3<<3) #define LOG_AUTH (4<<3) #define LOG_SYSLOG (5<<3) #define LOG_LPR (6<<3) #define LOG_NEWS (7<<3) #define LOG_UUCP (8<<3) #define LOG_CRON (9<<3) #define LOG_FACMASK 0x03f8 #define LOG_LOCAL0 (16<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL1 (17<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL2 (18<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL3 (19<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL4 (20<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL5 (21<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL6 (22<<3) #define LOG_LOCAL7 (23<<3) #define LOG_UPTO(pri) ((1 << ((pri)+1)) - 1) #define LOG_MASK(pri) (1 << (pri)) #define LOG_PID 0x01 #define LOG_CONS 0x02 #define LOG_ODELAY 0x04 #define LOG_NDELAY 0x08 #define LOG_NOWAIT 0x10 #define LOG_PERROR 0x20 |
#define TCIFLUSH 0 #define TCOOFF 0 #define TCSANOW 0 #define BS0 0000000 #define CR0 0000000 #define FF0 0000000 #define NL0 0000000 #define TAB0 0000000 #define VT0 0000000 #define OPOST 0000001 #define OCRNL 0000010 #define ONOCR 0000020 #define ONLRET 0000040 #define OFILL 0000100 #define OFDEL 0000200 #define NL1 0000400 #define TCOFLUSH 1 #define TCOON 1 #define TCSADRAIN 1 #define TCIOFF 2 #define TCIOFLUSH 2 #define TCSAFLUSH 2 #define TCION 3 typedef unsigned int speed_t; typedef unsigned char cc_t; typedef unsigned int tcflag_t; #define NCCS 32 struct termios { tcflag_t c_iflag; tcflag_t c_oflag; tcflag_t c_cflag; tcflag_t c_lflag; cc_t c_line; cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; speed_t c_ispeed; speed_t c_ospeed; } ; #define VINTR 0 #define VQUIT 1 #define VLNEXT 15 #define VERASE 2 #define VKILL 3 #define VEOF 4 #define IGNBRK 0000001 #define BRKINT 0000002 #define IGNPAR 0000004 #define PARMRK 0000010 #define INPCK 0000020 #define ISTRIP 0000040 #define INLCR 0000100 #define IGNCR 0000200 #define ICRNL 0000400 #define IXANY 0004000 #define IMAXBEL 0020000 #define CS5 0000000 #define ECHO 0000010 #define B0 0000000 #define B50 0000001 #define B75 0000002 #define B110 0000003 #define B134 0000004 #define B150 0000005 #define B200 0000006 #define B300 0000007 #define B600 0000010 #define B1200 0000011 #define B1800 0000012 #define B2400 0000013 #define B4800 0000014 #define B9600 0000015 #define B19200 0000016 #define B38400 0000017 |
#define CLK_TCK ((clock_t)__sysconf(2)) #define CLOCK_REALTIME 0 #define TIMER_ABSTIME 1 #define CLOCKS_PER_SEC 1000000l struct tm { int tm_sec; int tm_min; int tm_hour; int tm_mday; int tm_mon; int tm_year; int tm_wday; int tm_yday; int tm_isdst; long tm_gmtoff; char *tm_zone; } ; struct itimerspec { struct timespec it_interval; struct timespec it_value; } ; |
#define SEEK_SET 0 #define STDIN_FILENO 0 #define SEEK_CUR 1 #define STDOUT_FILENO 1 #define SEEK_END 2 #define STDERR_FILENO 2 typedef long long off64_t; #define F_OK 0 #define X_OK 1 #define W_OK 2 #define R_OK 4 #define _POSIX_VDISABLE '\0' #define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 #define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL 1 #define _POSIX_NO_TRUNC 1 #define _POSIX_SHELL 1 #define _POSIX_FSYNC 200112 #define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200112 #define _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200112 #define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200112 #define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200112 #define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200112 #define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200112 #define _POSIX_TIMERS 200112 #define _POSIX2_C_BIND 200112L #define _POSIX2_VERSION 200112L #define _POSIX_THREADS 200112L #define _POSIX_VERSION 200112L #define _PC_LINK_MAX 0 #define _PC_MAX_CANON 1 #define _PC_ASYNC_IO 10 #define _PC_PRIO_IO 11 #define _PC_FILESIZEBITS 13 #define _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE 14 #define _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE 16 #define _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN 17 #define _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN 18 #define _PC_MAX_INPUT 2 #define _PC_2_SYMLINKS 20 #define _PC_NAME_MAX 3 #define _PC_PATH_MAX 4 #define _PC_PIPE_BUF 5 #define _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 6 #define _PC_NO_TRUNC 7 #define _PC_VDISABLE 8 #define _PC_SYNC_IO 9 #define _SC_ARG_MAX 0 #define _SC_CHILD_MAX 1 #define _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 10 #define _SC_TIMERS 11 #define _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 12 #define _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 125 #define _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG 126 #define _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64 127 #define _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG 128 #define _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY 129 #define _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO 13 #define _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME 130 #define _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS 131 #define _SC_ADVISORY_INFO 132 #define _SC_BARRIERS 133 #define _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION 137 #define _SC_CPUTIME 138 #define _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME 139 #define _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 14 #define _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 149 #define _SC_FSYNC 15 #define _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 153 #define _SC_SPIN_LOCKS 154 #define _SC_REGEXP 155 #define _SC_SHELL 157 #define _SC_SPAWN 159 #define _SC_MAPPED_FILES 16 #define _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER 160 #define _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER 161 #define _SC_TIMEOUTS 164 #define _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 165 #define _SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING 169 #define _SC_MEMLOCK 17 #define _SC_2_PBS_LOCATE 170 #define _SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE 171 #define _SC_2_PBS_TRACK 172 #define _SC_SYMLOOP_MAX 173 #define _SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT 175 #define _SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32 176 #define _SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG 177 #define _SC_V6_LP64_OFF64 178 #define _SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG 179 #define _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE 18 #define _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX 180 #define _SC_TRACE 181 #define _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER 182 #define _SC_TRACE_INHERIT 183 #define _SC_TRACE_LOG 184 #define _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION 19 #define _SC_CLK_TCK 2 #define _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING 20 #define _SC_SEMAPHORES 21 #define _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 22 #define _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX 23 #define _SC_AIO_MAX 24 #define _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX 25 #define _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX 26 #define _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX 27 #define _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX 28 #define _SC_VERSION 29 #define _SC_NGROUPS_MAX 3 #define _SC_PAGESIZE 30 #define _SC_PAGE_SIZE 30 #define _SC_RTSIG_MAX 31 #define _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX 32 #define _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX 33 #define _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX 34 #define _SC_TIMER_MAX 35 #define _SC_BC_BASE_MAX 36 #define _SC_BC_DIM_MAX 37 #define _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX 38 #define _SC_BC_STRING_MAX 39 #define _SC_OPEN_MAX 4 #define _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX 40 #define _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX 42 #define _SC_LINE_MAX 43 #define _SC_RE_DUP_MAX 44 #define _SC_2_VERSION 46 #define _SC_2_C_BIND 47 #define _SC_2_C_DEV 48 #define _SC_2_FORT_DEV 49 #define _SC_STREAM_MAX 5 #define _SC_2_FORT_RUN 50 #define _SC_2_SW_DEV 51 #define _SC_2_LOCALEDEF 52 #define _SC_TZNAME_MAX 6 #define _SC_IOV_MAX 60 #define _SC_THREADS 67 #define _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 68 #define _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX 69 #define _SC_JOB_CONTROL 7 #define _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX 70 #define _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX 71 #define _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX 72 #define _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS 73 #define _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX 74 #define _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN 75 #define _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX 76 #define _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 77 #define _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 78 #define _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 79 #define _SC_SAVED_IDS 8 #define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT 80 #define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT 81 #define _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED 82 #define _SC_ATEXIT_MAX 87 #define _SC_PASS_MAX 88 #define _SC_XOPEN_VERSION 89 #define _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS 9 #define _SC_XOPEN_UNIX 91 #define _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT 92 #define _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N 93 #define _SC_XOPEN_SHM 94 #define _SC_2_CHAR_TERM 95 #define _SC_2_C_VERSION 96 #define _SC_2_UPE 97 #define _CS_PATH 0 #define _POSIX_REGEXP 1 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS 1100 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS 1101 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS 1102 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS 1103 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS 1104 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS 1105 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS 1106 #define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS 1107 #define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS 1108 #define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS 1109 #define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS 1110 #define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS 1111 #define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS 1112 #define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS 1113 #define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS 1114 #define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS 1115 #define _XOPEN_REALTIME 1 #define _XOPEN_XPG4 1 #define _XOPEN_XCU_VERSION 4 #define _XOPEN_VERSION 500 #define F_ULOCK 0 #define F_LOCK 1 #define F_TLOCK 2 #define F_TEST 3 |
#define UT_HOSTSIZE 256 #define UT_LINESIZE 32 #define UT_NAMESIZE 32 struct exit_status { short e_termination; short e_exit; } ; #define EMPTY 0 #define RUN_LVL 1 #define BOOT_TIME 2 #define NEW_TIME 3 #define OLD_TIME 4 #define INIT_PROCESS 5 #define LOGIN_PROCESS 6 #define USER_PROCESS 7 #define DEAD_PROCESS 8 #define ACCOUNTING 9 |
typedef unsigned long wctype_t; typedef unsigned int wint_t; typedef const int32_t *wctrans_t; typedef struct { int count; wint_t value; } __mbstate_t; typedef __mbstate_t mbstate_t; |
enum { WRDE_DOOFFS, WRDE_APPEND, WRDE_NOCMD, WRDE_REUSE, WRDE_SHOWERR, WRDE_UNDEF, __WRDE_FLAGS } ; typedef struct { int we_wordc; char **we_wordv; int we_offs; } wordexp_t; enum { WRDE_NOSYS, WRDE_NOSPACE, WRDE_BADCHAR, WRDE_BADVAL, WRDE_CMDSUB, WRDE_SYNTAX } ; |
portmap
service.The following interfaces are included in libc and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.
Other interfaces listed above for libc shall behave as described in the referenced base document.
_IO_feof
tests the end-of-file indicator for the
stream pointed to by __fp, returning a non-zero
value if it is set.
_IO_feof
is not in the source standard; it is only
in the binary standard.
_IO_getc
reads the next character from
__fp and returns it as an unsigned char cast
to an int, or EOF on end-of-file or error.
_IO_getc
is not in the source standard; it is
only in the binary standard.
_IO_putc
writes the character
__c, cast to an unsigned char, to
__fp.
_IO_putc
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
_IO_puts
writes the string __s
and a trailing newline to stdout.
_IO_puts
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__assert_fail
receives a string containing the expression
assertion, the filename file,
and the line number line, and prints a message on the
standard error stream. For example:
a.c:10: foobar: Assertion a == b failed.
__assert_fail
then aborts program execution via a
call to abort
. The exact form of the message is up
to the implementation.If function is NULL, then omit information about the function.
assertion, file, and line shall be non-NULL.
__assert_fail
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__ctype_b_loc()
returns the address of the array to be
used by the ctype
functions. This array is locale aware,
and is local to the current thread if the application is multithreaded.
__ctype_get_mb_cur_max
returns the maximum
length of a multibyte character in the current locale.
__ctype_get_mb_cur_max
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__ctype_tolower_loc()
returns the address of the array to be
used by the tolower
function. This array is locale aware,
and is local to the current thread if the application is multithreaded.
__ctype_toupper_loc()
returns the address of the array to be
used by the toupper
function. This array is locale aware,
and is local to the current thread if the application is multithreaded.
__cxa_atexit
registers a function to be called by
exit or when a shared library is unloaded. This function is only called
from code generated by the C++ compiler.
__cxa_atexit
has the same specification as
atexit
.
__cxa_atexit
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__daylight is as specified in the ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3.
__environ is an alias for environ - user environment.
__environ has the same specification as environ.
__environ is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.
__fpending
returns the amount of output in bytes
pending on a stream.
__fpending
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__getpagesize
is an alias for
getpagesize
- get current page size.
__getpagesize
has the same specification as
getpagesize
.
__getpagesize
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__getpgid
has the same specification as
getpgid
.
__getpgid
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__h_errno_location
returns the address of the
h_errno variable, where h_errno
is as specified in the Single Unix
Specification.
__h_errno_location
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard. Note that h_errno
itself is only in the source standard; it is not in the binary standard.
__isinf
has the same specification as
isinf
in the Single
UNIX Specification, Version 3, except that the argument
type for __isinf
is known to be double.
__isinf
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__isinff
has the same specification as
isinf
in the Single
UNIX Specification, Version 3, except that the argument
type for __isinff
is known to be float.
__isinff
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__isinfl
has the same specification as
isinf
in the Single
UNIX Specification, Version 3, except that the argument
type for __isinfl
is known to be long double.
__isinfl
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__isnan
has the same specification as
isnan
in the Single
UNIX Specification, Version 3, except that the argument
type for __isnan
is known to be double.
__isnan
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__isnanf
has the same specification as
isnan
in the Single
UNIX Specification, Version 3, except that the argument
type for __isnanf
is known to be float.
__isnanf
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__isnanl
has the same specification as
isnan
in the Single
UNIX Specification, Version 3, except that the argument
type for __isnanl
is known to be long double.
__isnanl
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__libc_current_sigrtmax
returns the number of
an available real-time signal with the lowest priority.
__libc_current_sigrtmax
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__libc_current_sigrtmin
returns the number of
an available real-time signal with the highest priority.
__libc_current_sigrtmin
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__libc_start_main
initializes glibc.
__libc_start_main
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__lxstat
is an inline wrapper around call to
lxstat
.
__lxstat
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__mempcpy
copies n
bytes of source to destination, returning pointer to bytes after
the last written byte.
__mempcpy
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__rawmemchr
searches in s
for c.
__rawmemchr
is a weak alias to
rawmemchr
. It is similar to
memchr
, but it has no length limit.
__rawmemchr
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__register_atfork
implements
pthread_atfork
as specified in ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3.
The additional parameter __dso_handle allows a shared
object to pass in it's handle so that functions registered by
__register_atfork
can be unregistered by the runtime when
the shared object is unloaded.
__sigsetjmp
has the same behavior as
sigsetjmp
as specified by the
Single UNIX Specification,
Version 2.
__sigsetjmp
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__stpcpy
copies the string src
(including the terminating /0 character) to the array
dest. The strings may not overlap, and
dest must be large enough to receive the copy.
__stpcpy
returns a pointer to the end of the string
dest (that is, the address of the terminating
NULL character) rather than the beginning.
__stpcpy
has the same specification as
stpcpy
.
__stpcpy
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__strdup
has the same specification as
strdup
.
__strdup
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtod_internal
is undefined.
__strtod_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, 0)
has the same specification as
strtod(__nptr,
__endptr)
.
__strtod_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtof_internal
is undefined.
__strtof_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, 0)
has the same specification as
strtof(__nptr,
__endptr)
.
__strtof_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__strtok_r
has the same specification as
strtok_r
.
__strtok_r
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtol_internal
is undefined.
__strtol_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, __base,
0)
has the same specification as
strtol(__nptr,
__endptr, __base)
.
__strtol_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtold_internal
is undefined.
__strtold_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, 0)
has the same specification as
strtold(__nptr,
__endptr)
.
__strtold_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtoll_internal
is undefined.
__strtoll_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, __base,
0)
has the same specification as
strtoll(__nptr,
__endptr, __base)
.
__strtoll_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtoul_internal
is undefined.
__strtoul_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, __base,
0)
has the same specification as
strtoul(__nptr,
__endptr, __base)
.
__strtoul_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __strtoull_internal
is undefined.
__strtoull_internal(__nptr,
__endptr, __base,
0)
has the same specification as
strtoull(__nptr,
__endptr, __base)
.
__strtoull_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__sysconf
gets configuration information at runtime.
__sysconf
is weak alias to
sysconf
.
__sysconf
has the same specification as
sysconf
.
__sysconf
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__sysv_signal
has the same behavior as
signal
as specified by X/Open.
__sysv_signal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__tzname
has the same specification as
tzname
in the
Single UNIX Specification.
Note that the array size of 2 is explicit in the Single UNIX Specification, Version 3, but not in the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2.
group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __wcstod_internal
is undefined.
__wcstod_internal(nptr,
endptr, 0)
has the same specification as
wcstod(nptr,
endptr)
.
__wcstod_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __wcstof_internal
is undefined.
__wcstof_internal(nptr,
endptr, 0)
has the same specification as
wcstof(nptr,
endptr)
.
__wcstof_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __wcstol_internal
is undefined.
__wcstol_internal(nptr,
endptr, base,
0)
has the same specification as
wcstol(nptr,
endptr, base)
.
__wcstol_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __wcstold_internal
is undefined.
__wcstold_internal(nptr,
endptr, 0)
has the same specification as
wcstold(nptr,
endptr)
.
__wcstold_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
group shall be 0 or the
behavior of __wcstoul_internal
is undefined.
__wcstoul_internal(nptr,
endptr, base,
0)
has the same specification as
wcstoul(nptr,
endptr, base)
.
__wcstoul_internal
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
ver shall be 1 or the
behavior of __xmknod
is undefined.
__xmknod(1,
path, mode,
dev)
has the same specification as
mknod(path,
mode, dev)
.
Note that the format of dev_t is not the same as the argument that the kernel syscall uses.
__xmknod
is not in the source standard;
it is only in the binary standard.
__ver shall be 3 or the behavior of these functions is undefined.
__filename is as specified in POSIX.
__filedesc is as specified in POSIX.
__stat_buf is as specified in POSIX.
__xstat(3, __filename,
__stat_buf)
has the same specification as
stat(__filename,
__stat_buf)
as specified by
POSIX.
__lxstat(3, __filename,
__stat_buf)
has the same specification as
lstat(__filename,
__stat_buf)
as specified by
POSIX.
__fxstat(3, __filedesc,
__stat_buf)
has the same specification as
fstat(__filedesc,
__stat_buf)
as specified by
POSIX.
Note that the struct stat
used by these
functions is not the one that the kernel uses.
__xstat
, __lxstat
, and
__fxstat
are not in the source standard;
they are only in the binary standard.
stat
, lstat
, and
fstat
are not in the binary standard;
they are only in the source standard.
__ver shall be 3 or the behavior of these functions is undefined.
__filename is as specified by the Large File Summit.
__filedesc is as specified by the Large File Summit.
__stat_buf is as specified by the Large File Summit.
__xstat64(3, __filename,
__stat_buf)
has the same specification as
stat64(__filename,
__stat_buf)
as specified by the
Large File Summit.
__lxstat64(3, __filename,
__stat_buf)
has the same specification as
lstat64(__filename,
__stat_buf)
as specified by the
Large File Summit.
__fxstat64(3, __filedesc,
__stat_buf)
has the same specification as
fstat64(__filedesc,
__stat_buf)
as specified by the
Large File Summit.
__xstat64
, __lxstat64
, and
__fxstat64
are not in the source standard;
they are only in the binary standard.
stat64
, lstat64
, and
fstat64
are not in the binary standard;
they are only in the source standard.
_nl_msg_cat_cntr is incremented each time a new catalong is loaded. It is a variable defined in loadmsgcat.c and is used by Message catalogs for internationalization.
_sys_errlist is an array containing the "C" locale
strings used by strerror
. This normally should not
be used directly. strerror
provides all of the
needed functionality.
_sys_siglist is an array containing the names of the signal names.
_sys_siglist exists only for compatibility; use
strsignal
instead. (See string.h).
When filename is the name of an existing file,
acct
turns accounting on and appends a record to
filename for each terminating process. When
filename is NULL,
acct
turns accounting off.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
BSD process accounting has not been enabled when the operating system kernel was compiled. The kernel configuration parameter controlling this feature is CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT.
Out of memory.
The calling process has no permission to enable process accounting.
filename is not a regular file.
Error writing to the filename.
There are no more free file structures or we run out of memory.
adjtime
makes small adjustments to the system time
as returned by gettimeofday
(2), advancing or retarding
it by the time specified by the timeval delta.
If delta is negative, the clock is slowed down
by incrementing it more slowly than normal until the correction is complete.
If delta is positive, a larger increment than
normal is used. The skew used to perform the correction is generally a
fraction of one percent. Thus, the time is always a monotonically
increasing function. A time correction from an earlier call to
adjtime
may not be finished when
adjtime
is called again. If
olddelta is non-NULL, the
structure pointed to will contain, upon return, the number of microseconds
still to be corrected from the earlier call.
adjtime
may be used by time servers that synchronize
the clocks of computers in a local area network. Such time servers would
slow down the clocks of some machines and speed up the clocks of others to
bring them to the average network time.
The adjtime
is restricted to the super-user.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
An argument points outside the process's allocated address space.
The process's effective user ID is not that of the super-user.
The adjtimex
function is deprecated from the LSB and
is expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB.
[1]
Linux uses David L. Mills' clock adjustment algorithm (see
RFC 1305).
adjtimex
reads and optionally sets adjustment
parameters for this algorithm. adjtimex
takes
a pointer to a timex
structure, updates
kernel parameters from field values, and returns the same structure
with current kernel values. This structure is declared as follows:
struct timex { int modes; /* mode selector */ long offset; /* time offset (usec) */ long freq; /* frequency offset (scaled ppm) */ long maxerror; /* maximum error (usec) */ long esterror; /* estimated error (usec) */ int status; /* clock command/status */ long constant; /* pll time constant */ long precision; /* clock precision (usec) (read only) */ long tolerance; /* clock frequency tolerance (ppm) (read only) */ struct timeval time; /* current time (read only) */ long tick; /* usecs between clock ticks */ }; |
modes
determines which parameters, if any,
to set. modes
may contain a bitwise-or
combination of zero or more of the following bits:
#define ADJ_OFFSET 0x0001 /* time offset */ #define ADJ_FREQUENCY 0x0002 /* frequency offset */ #define ADJ_MAXERROR 0x0004 /* maximum time error */ #define ADJ_ESTERROR 0x0008 /* estimated time error */ #define ADJ_STATUS 0x0010 /* clock status */ #define ADJ_TIMECONST 0x0020 /* pll time constant */ #define ADJ_TICK 0x4000 /* tick value */ #define ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT 0x8001 /* old-fashioned adjtime */ |
Ordinary users are restricted to a 0 value for
modes
. Only the superuser may set any
parameters.
On success, adjtimex
returns the clock state:
#define TIME_OK 0 /* clock synchronized */ #define TIME_INS 1 /* insert leap second */ #define TIME_DEL 2 /* delete leap second */ #define TIME_OOP 3 /* leap second in progress */ #define TIME_WAIT 4 /* leap second has occurred */ #define TIME_BAD 5 /* clock not synchronized */ |
On error, the global variable errno is set to -1.
buf
does not point to writable memory.
buf.mode
is nonzero
and the user is not super-user.
An attempt is made to set buf.offset
to a value outside of the range -131071 to
+131071, or to set buf.status
to a value other than those listed above, or to set
buf.tick
to a value outside of the range
900000/HZ to
1100000/HZ, where
HZ is the system timer interrupt frequency.
asprintf
has the same behavior as
sprintf
, but calls malloc
to dynamically allocate space for the output, and then puts the
output string in that space.
asprintf
stores the address of the string in
ptr.
#include <libintl.h> extern char *bind_textdomain_codeset(const char *domainname, const char *codeset); |
The bind_textdomain_codeset function can be used to specify the output codeset for message catalogs for domain domainname. The codeset argument shall be a valid codeset name which can be used tor the iconv_open() funtion, or a null pointer. If the codeset argument is the null pointer, then function returns the currently selected codeset for the domain with the name domainname. It returns null pointer if no codeset has yet been selected
The bind_textdomain_codeset function can be used several times. If used multiple times, with the same domainname argument, the later call overrrides the settings made by the earlier one.
The bind_textdomain_codeset function returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the selected codeset. The string is allocated internally in the function and shall not be changed by the user.
The domainname argument is applied to the currenlty active LC_MESSAGE locale. It is equivalent in syntax and meaning to the domainname argument to textdomain(), except that the selection of the domain is valid only for the duration of the call.
Returns the currently selected codeset name. It returns null pointer if no codeset has yet been selected.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
bindresvport
binds a socket to a privileged IP
port. This function can be used only by root.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
bindtextdomain
specifies that the
domainname message catalog can be found in the
dirname directory hierarchy, rather than in the
system locale data base.
bindtextdomain
applies
domainname to the currently active
LC_MESSAGE locale. This usage is equivalent in
syntax and meaning to the textdomain
function's
application of domainname, except that the
selection of the domain in bind_textdomain_codeset
is valid only for the duration of the call.
dirname can be an absolute or relative pathname.
On success, bindtextdomain
returns the
directory pathname currently bound to the domain. On failure, a
NULL pointer is returned.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
The cfmakeraw()
function shall set the
attributes of the termios
structure referenced
by termios_p as follows:
termios_p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON); termios_p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST; termios_p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN); termios_p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB); termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8; |
termios_p shall point to a
termios
structure that contains the
following members:
tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */ tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */ tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */ tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */ cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* control chars */ |
cfsetspeed
sets the baud rate values in the
termios
structure. The effects of the
function on the terminal as described below do not become effective,
nor are all errors detected, until the tcsetattr
function is called. Certain values for baud rates set in
termios
and passed to
tcsetattr
have special meanings.
Input and output baud rates are found in the
termios
structure. The unsigned integer
speed_t
is typdef'd in the include file
termios.h. The value of the integer corresponds
directly to the baud rate being represented; however, the following
symbolic values are defined.
#define B0 0 #define B50 50 #define B75 75 #define B110 110 #define B134 134 #define B150 150 #define B200 200 #define B300 300 #define B600 600 #define B1200 1200 #define B1800 1800 #define B2400 2400 #define B4800 4800 #define B9600 9600 #define B19200 19200 #define B38400 38400 #ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE #define EXTA 19200 #define EXTB 38400 #endif /*_POSIX_SOURCE */ |
cfsetspeed
sets both the input and output baud
rates in the termios
structure referenced by
t to speed.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
creat
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification, but with differences as listed below.
Where the Single UNIX Specification specifies an ENXIO return, the implementation may return either ENXIO or ENODEV. Implementations are encouarged to return ENXIO. [2]
daemon
allows programs to detach from the
controlling terminal and run in the background as system daemons.
Unless nochdir is nonzero,
daemon
changes the current working directory
to the root (`/'). Unless noclose is
non-zero, daemon
will
redirect standard input, standard output and standard error to
/dev/null.
On error, -1 is returned, and the global
variable errno is set to any of the errors
specified for the library functions fork
(2) and
setsid
(2).
dcgettext
applies
domainname to the currently active
LC_MESSAGE locale. This usage is equivalent in
syntax and meaning to the textdomain
function's
application of domainname, except that the
selection of the domain in dcgettext
is valid only for the duration of the call.
a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale.
category is used for retrieving messages string for other than LC_MESSAGES category. Available value for category are LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY,LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME.
dcgettext(domainname,
msgid,
LC_MESSAGES)
has the same specification as
dgettext(domainname,
msgid)
.
Note that LC_ALL shall not be used.
On success, the translated NULL-terminated string is returned. On error, msgid is returned.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
dcngettext
applies
domainname to the currently active
LC_MESSAGE locale. This usage is equivalent in
syntax and meaning to the textdomain
function's
application of domainname, except that the
selection of the domain in dcngettext
is valid only for the duration of the call.
a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale. If the value of n is 1 and no message catalogs containing a translation for msgid1 are found, msgid1 is returned.
a NULL-terminated string to be returned if the value of n is not 1 and no message catalogs are found.
determines which plural form is returned, in a language and message catalog dependent way.
category is used for retrieving messages string for other than LC_MESSAGES category. Available value for category are LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY,LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME.
dcngettext(domainname,
msgid1, msgid2,
n, LC_MESSAGES)
has the same specification as
dngettext(domainname,
msgid1, msgid2,
n)
.
Note that LC_ALL shall not be used.
On success of a msgid1 query, the translated NULL-terminated string is returned. On error, the original msgid1 or msgid2 is returned, according to n.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
dgettext
applies
domainname to the currently active
LC_MESSAGE locale. This usage is equivalent in
syntax and meaning to the textdomain
function's
application of domainname, except that the
selection of the domain in dgettext
is valid only for the duration of the call.
a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale.
On success of a msgid query, the translated
NULL-terminated string is returned. On error, the
original msgid is returned. The length of the
string returned is undetermined until dgettext
is called.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
dngettext
applies
domainname to the currently active
LC_MESSAGE locale. This usage is equivalent in
syntax and meaning to the textdomain
function's
application of domainname, except that the
selection of the domain in dngettext
is valid only for the duration of the call.
a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale. If the value of n is 1 and no message catalogs containing a translation for msgid1 are found, msgid1 is returned.
a NULL-terminated string to be returned if the value of n is not 1 and no message catalogs are found.
determines which plural form is returned, in a language and message catalog dependent way.
On success of a msgid1 query, the translated NULL-terminated string is returned. On error, the original msgid1 or msgid2 is returned, according to n.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
err
displays a formatted error message on the
standard error output. The last component of the program name, a colon
character, and a space are output. If fmt is
non-NULL, the formatted error message, a colon
character, and a space are output. The error message string affiliated
with the current value of the global variable errno
is output. The output is followed by a newline character.
err
does not return, but exits with the value of
eval.
error
prints a message to standard error.
error
builds the message from the following
elements in their specified order:
the program name. If the application has provided a function named
error_print_progname
, error
calls this to supply the program name; otherwise, error
uses the content of the global variable program_name.
the colon and space characters, then the result of using the printf-style format and the optional arguments.
if errnum is nonzero,
error
adds the colon and
space characters, then the result of
strerror(errnum)
.
a newline.
If exitstatus is nonzero,
error
calls
exit(exitstatus)
.
errx
displays a formatted error message on the
standard error output. The last component of the program name, a colon
character, and a space are output. If fmt is
non-NULL, the formatted error message, a colon
character, and a space are output. The output is followed by a
newline character.
errx
does not return, but exits with the value of
eval.
fcntl
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification,
Version 3, but with differences as listed below.
According to the Single UNIX
Specification, only an application sets
fcntl
flags, for example
O_LARGEFILE. However, this specification
also allows implementations to set O_LARGEFILE
in a case in which the default behavior matches the
O_LARGEFILE behavior.
[3]
Or in other words, calling fcntl
with the
F_GETFL command may return
O_LARGEFILE as well as flags explicitly
set by the application.
fflush_unlocked is the same as fflush except that it need not be thread safe. That is, it may only be invoked in the ways which are legal for getc_unlocked.
fgetwc_unlocked is the same as fgetwc except that it need not be thread safe. That is, it may only be invoked in the ways which are legal for getc_unlocked.
flock
applies or removes an advisory
lock on the open file fd. Valid
operation types are:
Shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a given file at a given time.
Exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a given file at a given time.
Unlock.
Don't block when locking. May be specified (by oring) along with one of the other operations.
A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
fopen
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification, but with differences as listed below.
Where the Single UNIX Specification specifies an ENXIO return, the implementation may return either ENXIO or ENODEV. Implementations are encouarged to return ENXIO. [4]
freopen
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification, but with differences as listed below.
Where the Single UNIX Specification specifies an ENXIO return, the implementation may return either ENXIO or ENODEV. Implementations are encouarged to return ENXIO. [5]
If NIS is in use, provide the NIS domain name. Note that this is not the same as the domain name which provides the domain portion of a fully qualified domain name (for example, in DNS). If NIS is not in use, provide the string "(none)".
If the string which is provided is strictly less than namelen characters in length, getdomainname places it in the array pointed to by name followed by a terminating null character. If not, getdomainname may either truncate it to namelen characters and place it in name (without a terminating null character), or may fail with EINVAL.
getdomainname returns 0 if successful; -1 if not (in which case errno is set to indicate the error).
The gethostbyname_r
function is deprecated;
applications should call getaddrinfo
instead.
gethostbyname_r
is a reentrant version of
gethostbyname
that searches the network host
database for a host name match.
getloadavg
returns the number of processes in
the system run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to
nelem samples are retrieved and assigned to
successive elements of loadavg[]. The system
imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing
averages over the last 1, 5,
and 15 minutes, respectively.
getopt
parses command line arguments.
GNU and POSIX specifications
for this function vary in the following areas. LSB systems shall
implement the GNU behaviors described below.
GNU specifies that:
an element of argv that starts with "-" (and is not exactly "-" or "--") is an option element.
characters of an option element, aside from the initial "-", are option characters.
POSIX specifies that:
applications using getopt
shall obey the following
syntax guidelines:
option name is a single alphanumeric character from the portable character set
option is preceded by the "-" delimiter character
options without option-arguments should be accepted when grouped behind one "-" delimiter
each option and option-argument is a separate argument
option-arguments are not optional
all options should precede operands on the command line
the argument "--" is accepted as a delimiter indicating the end of options and the consideration of subsequent arguments, if any, as operands
historical implementations of getopt
support
other characters as options as an allowed extension, but applications
that use extensions are not maximally portable.
support for multi-byte option characters is only possible when such characters can be represented as type int.
applications that call any utility with a first operand starting with "-" should usually specify "--" to mark the end of the options. Standard utilities that do not support this guideline indicate that fact in the OPTIONS section of the utility description.
GNU specifies that:
if a character is followed by two colons, the option takes an optional arg; if there is text in the current argv element, it is returned in optarg, otherwise optarg is set to 0.
if optstring contains W followed by a ;, then -W foo is treated as the long option --foo. (Not available with libraries before GNU libc 2.)
POSIX specifies that:
the -W option is reserved for implementation extensions.
GNU specifies the following
getopt
return values:
the next option character is returned, if found successfully.
":" is returned if a parameter is missing for one of the options.
"?" is returned if an unknown option character is encountered.
-1 is returned for the end of the option list.
POSIX specifies the following
getopt
return values:
the next option character is returned, if found successfully.
":" is returned if a parameter is missing for one of the options and the first character of opstring is ":".
"?" is returned if an unknown option
character not in optstring is encountered, or if
getopt
detects a missing argument and the first
character of optstring is not ":".
-1 is returned for the end of the option list.
GNU specifies that:
if the variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, option processing stops as soon as a non-option argument is encountered.
if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, GNU
getopt
conforms to ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3.
the variable _[PID]_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_ was used by bash 2.0 to communicate to GNU libc which arguments resulted from wildcard expansion and so should not be considered as options. This behavior was removed in bash version 2.01, but the support remains in GNU libc.
getopt_long
works like getopt
except that it also accepts long options, started out by two dashes.
Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation is unique or
is an exact match for some defined option. A long option may take a
parameter, of the form --arg=param or
--arg param.
longopts is a pointer to the first element of an
array of struct option
declared in
getopt.h as:
struct option { const char *name; int *flag; int has_arg; int val; }; |
getopt_long
returns the option character if the
option was found successfully, or ":" if
there was a missing parameter for one of the options, or
"?" for an unknown option character, or
-1 for the end of the option list.
getopt_long
also returns the option character
when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return val
if flag is NULL, and 0
otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the
same as for getopt
, plus
"?" for an ambiguous match or an
extraneous parameter.
getopt_long_only
is like
getopt_long
, but "-" as well as
"--" can indicate a long option. If an option that
starts with "-" (not "--") doesn't
match a long option, but does match a short option, it is parsed as
a short option instead.
getopt_long_only
returns the option character if the
option was found successfully, or ":" if
there was a missing parameter for one of the options, or
"?" for an unknown option character, or
-1 for the end of the option list.
getopt_long_only
also returns the option character
when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return val
if flag is NULL, and 0
otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the
same as for getopt
, plus
"?" for an ambiguous match or an
extraneous parameter.
gettext
attempts to retrieve a target
string based on the specified key from msgid
within the context of a specific domain and the current locale.
The LANGUAGE environment variable is examined
first to determine the message catalogs to be used.
LANGUAGE is a list of locale names separated
by ":" character. If LANGUAGE
is defined, each locale name is tried in the specified order and
if a message catalog containing the requested message is found,
the message is returned. If LANGUAGE is defined
but failed to locate a message catalog, the msgid
string is returned. If LANGUAGE is not defined,
the LC_ALL, LC_xxx, and
LANG environment variables are examined to
locate the message catalog, following the convention used by the
setlocale
function.
The pathname used to locate the message catalog is
dirname/locale/category/domainname.mo,
where dirname is the directory
specified by the bindtextdomain
function,
locale is a locale name
determined by the definition of environment variables, and
category is
LC_MESSAGES.
If the LC_MESSAGES locale category of the current
locale is the standard C locale or the standard POSIX locale,
gettext
returns msgid
without looking in any message catalog.
A NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale.
If the function query above succeeds with msgid, then a translated NULL-terminated string is returned. If the search fails, then the original msgid is returned. The length of the string returned is undetermined until the function is called.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
getutent
reads a line from the current file
position in the utmp file. It returns a
pointer to a structure containing the fields of the line.
glob64
searches for all the pathnames matching
pattern according to the rules used by the
shell. (See glob
(7).) No tilde expansion or
parameter substitution is done; if you want these, use
wordexp
(3).
The results of a glob64
call are stored in the
structure pointed to by pglob, which is a
glob64_t
declared in glob.h
and includes the following elements defined by POSIX.2
(more may be present as an extension):
glob64
is a 64-bit version of
glob
.
On success, 0 is returned. Other possible returns are:
out of memory
read error
no match found
globfree64
frees the dynamically allocated
storage from an earlier call to glob64
.
globfree64
is a 64-bit version of
globfree
.
initgroups
initializes the group access
list by reading the group database and using all groups of which
user is a member. The additional group
group is also added to the list.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
The calling process does not have sufficient privileges.
Insufficient memory to allocate group information structure.
The ioctl()
function shall manipulate the underlying device
parameters of special files. d shall be
an open file descriptor referring to a special file.
The ioctl()
function shall take three parameters;
the type and value of the third parameter
is dependent on the device and request.
An application may not call ioctl
except for
situations explicitly stated in this specification.
On success, 0 is returned.
An ioctl
may use the return value as an
output parameter and return a non-negative value on success.
On error, -1 is returned and
the global variable errno is set appropriately.
d is not a valid descriptor.
The third parameter references an inaccessible memory area.
d is not associated with a character special device.
The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that d references.
request or the third parameter is not valid.
Socket ioctl commands are a subset of the
ioctl
calls, which can perform a variety of
functions on sockets. sockfd shall contain
the value of a file descriptor that was created with the
socket
or accept
calls.
Socket ioctl commands apply to the underlying
network interfaces, and affect the entire system, not just the file
descriptor used to issue the ioctl
.
The following ioctl
s are provided:
Gets the interface configuration list for the system.
[6]
argp is a pointer to a
ifconf
structure. Before calling, the caller
shall allocate the ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req
field
to point to an array of ifreq
structures, and
set if_len
to the size of this allocated
array (in bytes). Upon return, if_len
will contain the amount of the array which was actually used (again,
in bytes). If it is the same as the length upon calling, the caller
should assume that the array was too small and try again with a
larger array.
On success, SIOCGIFCONF can return any nonnegative value. [7]
Gets the interface flags for the indicated interface.
argp is a pointer to a
ifreq
structure. Before calling, the
caller should fill in the ifr_name
field with the interface name, and upon return, the
ifr_ifru.ifru_flags
field is set
with the interface flags.
Gets the interface address list for the system.
argp is a pointer to a
ifreq
structure. Before calling, the
caller should fill in the ifr_name
field with the interface name, and upon return, the
ifr_ifru.ifru_addr
field is set
with the interface address.
Gets the network mask for the indicated interface.
argp is a pointer to a
ifreq
structure. Before calling, the
caller should fill in the ifr_name
field with the interface name, and upon return, the
ifr_ifru.ifru_netmask
field is set
with the network mask.
Returns the amount of queued unread data in the receive buffer. Argument is a pointer to an integer where the result is to be placed.
The sockaddr
structure is as specified in
the Single UNIX Specification.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
sockfd is not a valid descriptor.
argp references an inaccessible memory area.
sockfd is not associated with a character special device.
The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the descriptor sockfd references.
request and argp are not valid.
The operation is only defined on a connected socket, but the socket wasn't connected.
iswctype
tests wc to
determine if it is a wide character whose property is designated by
the character class desc.
desc shall be a character property descriptor
returned by the wctype
function.
If wc belongs to the character class desc, a nonzero value is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned.
Note that if wc is WEOF, 0 is returned.
kill
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification,
Version 2, but with differences as listed below.
If pid is specified as -1, sig shall not be sent to the calling process. [8] Other than this, the rules in the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 apply.
mbsnrtowcs
is like mbsrtowcs
,
except that the number of bytes to be converted, starting at
src, is limited to nms.
If dest is not a
NULL pointer, mbsnrtowcs
converts at most nms bytes from the multibyte
string src to a wide-character string starting
at dest. At most, len
wide characters are written to dest. The
state ps is updated.
The conversion is effectively performed by repeatedly calling:
mbrtowc(dest, *src, n, ps) |
The conversion can stop for three reasons:
An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case src is left pointing to the invalid multibyte sequence, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and errno is set to EILSEQ.
The nms limit forces a stop, or len non-L'\0' wide characters have been stored at dest. In this case, src is left pointing to the next multibyte sequence to be converted, and the number of wide characters written to dest is returned.
The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the terminating '\0' (which has the side effect of bringing back ps to the initial state). In this case, src is set to NULL, and the number of wide characters written to dest, excluding the terminating L'\0' character, is returned.
If dest is NULL, len is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and that no destination length limit exists.
In both of the above cases, if ps is a
NULL pointer, a static anonymous state only known
to mbsnrtowcs
is used instead.
The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least len wide characters at dest.
mbsnrtowcs
returns the number of wide characters
that make up the converted part of the wide character string, not
including the terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte
sequence was encountered, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and the global
variable errno is set to EILSEQ.
The behavior of mbsnrtowcs
depends on the
LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
Passing NULL as ps is not multi-thread safe.
memmem
finds the start of the first
occurrence of the substring needle
of length needlelen in the memory
area haystack of length
haystacklen.
memmem
returns a pointer to the beginning
of the substring, or NULL if the substring
is not found.
memmem
was broken in Linux libraries up to and
including libc 5.0.9; there the needle and
haystack arguments were interchanged, and a
pointer to the end of the first occurrence of needle
was returned. Since libc 5.0.9 is still widely used, this is a dangerous
function to use.
Both old and new libc's have the bug that if needle is empty, haystack-1 is returned (instead of haystack). And glibc 2.0 makes it worse, returning a pointer to the last byte of haystack. This is fixed in glibc 2.1.
memrchr
returns a pointer to the last occurrence
of c in the first n
characters of the string represented by s.
ngettext
is the plural version of
gettext
, which searches for the message
string using the msgid1 arguments
as the key, using the argument n
to determine the plural form. If no message catalogs
containing a translation for msgid1
are found, msgid1 is returned if
n == 1, otherwise,
msgid2 is returned. (See
gettext
for more details.)
A NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale. If no message catalogs are found, msgid1 is returned if n == 1.
A NULL-terminated string to be returned if no message catalogs are found and n != 1.
Determines in which plural form a message string is returned, in a language and message catalog dependent way.
If the function query above succeeds with msgid1, then a translated NULL-terminated string is returned. If the search fails, then the original msgid1 or msgid2 is returned, according to n.
gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset
open
is as specified in
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3,
but with differences as listed below.
Where ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 specifies an ENXIO return, a conforming implementation may return either ENXIO or ENODEV. Implementations are encouarged to return ENXIO. [9]
opterr is used as a flag to suppress an
error message generated by getopt
. When
opterr is set to 0, it
suppresses the error message generated by getopt
when that function does not recognize an option character.
optind holds the current index of the array
argr[], which contains the command line options
being parsed by getopt
.
optopt holds the unknown option character when
that option character is not recognized by getopt
.
pmap_getport
returns the port number on which a service
is waiting for.
pmap_getport
is called given the RPC program
number program, version,
and the transport protocol set to either
IPPROTO_UDP or IPPROTO_TCP.
The pre-allocated socket address is a returned parameter.
pmap_getport
returns 0 if the mapping does not exist
or if contact to the remote portmap service failed. If the remote portmap
service could not be reached, the status is left in the global variable
rpc_createerr.
pmap_set
establishes a mapping between the
triple [program,version,protocol] and
port on the machine's portmap
service. The value of protocol
is most likely IPPROTO_UDP or IPPROTO_TCP. Automatically done by svc_register
.
As a user interface to the portmap service,
pmap_unset
destroys all mapping between the triple
[prognum,versnum,
*] and ports on the machine's
portmap service.
psignal
displays a message on stderr consisting
of the string s, a colon, a space, and a string
describing the signal number sig. If
sig is invalid, the message displayed will
indicate an unknown signal.
The array sys_siglist holds the signal description strings indexed by signal number.
setbuffer
is an alias for the call to
setvbuf
. It works the same, except that the
size of the buffer in setbuffer
is up to
the caller, rather than being determined by the default
BUFSIZ.
If NIS is in use, set the NIS domain name. Note that this is not the same as the domain name which provides the domain portion of a fully qualified domain name (for example, in DNS). If NIS is not in use, this function may set the domain name anyway, or it may fail.
This call shall fail unless the caller has appropriate privileges.
namelen shall be the length of the string pointed to by name.
setdomainname returns 0 if successful; -1 if not (in which case errno is set to indicate the error).
setgroups
sets the supplementary groups for
the process. Only the super-user may use this function.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
list has an invalid address.
The user is not the super-user.
size is greater than NGROUPS (32 for Linux 2.0.32).
sethostid
sets a unique 32-bit identifier for
the current machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
among all UNIX systems in existence. This normally resembles the
Internet address for the local machine as returned by
gethostbyname
(3), and thus usually never needs
to be set.
The sethostid
call is restricted to the superuser.
hostid is stored in the file /etc/hostid.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
len is negative or larger than the maximum allowed size.
the caller was not the superuser.
name is an invalid address.
In addition to the setsockopt
options specified in
SUSv3, setsockopt
also supports the options specified here.
The following setsockopt
operations are provided for
level IPPROTO_IP:
Set or reads the time-to-live value of outgoing multicast packets for this socket. optval is a pointer to an integer which contains the new TTL value.
Sets a boolean flag indicating whether multicast packets originating locally should be looped back to the local sockets. optval is a pointer to an integer which contains the new flag value.
Join a multicast group.
optval is a pointer to a
ip_mreq
structure. Before calling, the
caller should fill in the imr_multiaddr
field with the multicast group address and the
imr_address
field with the address of the local
interface. If imr_address
is set to INADDR_ANY,
then an appropriate interface is chosen by the system.
Leave a multicast group.
optval is a pointer to a
ip_mreq
structure containing the same values as were
used with IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.
Set the local device for a multicast socket.
optval is a pointer to a
ip_mreq
structure initialized in the same manner as
with IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.
The ip_mreq
structure contains two
struct in_addr
fields:
imr_multiaddr
and
imr_address
.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
setutent
rewinds the file pointer to the beginning
of the utmp file. It is generally a Good Idea to
call it before any of the other functions.
sigandset
is a signal function that builds a new
signal set by combining the two input sets using logical AND.
sigblock
is made obsolete by
sigprocmask
(2).
sigblock
adds the signals specified in
mask to the set of signals currently
being blocked from delivery.
Prototype for sigblock
is only available if
_BSD_SOURCE is defined before the inclusion of
any system.
siggetmask
is made obsolete by
sigprocmask
(2).
siggetmask
returns the current set of masked signals.
Prototype for siggetmask
is only available if
_BSD_SOURCE is defined before the inclusion of
any system header file.
sigisemptyset
checks for empty signal set. It
returns a non-empty value if set is not empty.
sigorset
is a signal function that builds a new
signal set by combining the two input sets
using logical or.
When the Linux kernel creates the stack frame for a signal
handler, a call to sigreturn
is inserted
into the stack frame so that the the signal handler will call
sigreturn
upon return. This inserted call
to sigreturn
cleans up the stack so that
the process can restart from where it was interrupted by the signal.
sigreturn
is used by the kernel to implement
signal handlers. It should never be called directly. Better yet,
the specific use of __unused varies depending
on the architecture.
stime
sets the system's idea of the time and date.
Time, pointed to by t, is measured in seconds
from 00:00:00 GMT January 1, 1970. stime
may only
be executed by the super user.
On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.
stpcpy
copies the string pointed to by
src (including the terminating '\0'
character) to the array pointed to by dest.
The strings may not overlap, and the destination string
dest shall be large enough to receive the copy.
stpcpy
returns a pointer to the end of the string
dest (that is, the address of the terminating
'\0' character) rather than the beginning.
This program uses stpcpy
to concatenate
foo and bar to produce
foobar, which it then prints.
#include <string.h> int main (void) { char *to = buffer; to = stpcpy (to, "foo"); to = stpcpy (to, "bar"); printf ("%s\n", buffer); } |
stpncpy
copies at most n
characters from the string pointed to by src,
including the terminating \0 character, to the array
pointed to by dest. Exactly n
characters are written at dest. If the length
strlen
(src) is smaller than
n, the remaining characters in
dest are filled with \0 characters.
If the length strlen
(src)
is greater than or equal to n,
dest will not be \0 terminated.
The strings may not overlap.
The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least n characters at dest.
stpncpy
returns a pointer to the terminating
NULL in dest, or, if
dest is not NULL-terminated,
dest + n.
strerror_r
is a reentrant version of
strerror
. strerror_r
returns a pointer to an error message corresponding to error number
errnum. The returned pointer may point within
the buffer buf (at most
buflen bytes).
[10]
strfry
randomizes the contents of
string by using rand
(3)
to randomly swap characters in the string. The result is an anagram
of string.
strndup
returns a
malloc
'd copy of at most n
bytes of string. The resultant string is
terminated even if no NULL terminator appears
before STRING[N].
strnlen
returns the number of characters in
the string s, not including the terminating
\0 character, but at most maxlen.
In doing this, strnlen
looks only at the first
maxlen characters at s
and never beyond s + maxlen.
strnlen
returns
strlen
(s), if that is less
than maxlen, or maxlen if
there is no \0 character among the first
maxlen characters pointed to by
s.
strptime
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification,
Version 2 with differences as listed below.
The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 specifies fields for which "leading zeros are permitted but not required"; however, applications shall not expect to be able to supply more leading zeroes for these fields than would be implied by the range of the field. Implementations may choose to either match an input with excess leading zeroes, or treat this as a non-matching input. For example, %j has a range of 001 to 366, so 0, 00, 000, 001, and 045 are acceptable inputs, but inputs such as 0000, 0366 and the like are not.
glibc developers consider it appropriate behavior to forbid excess leading zeroes. When trying to parse a given input against several format strings, forbidding excess leading zeroes could be helpful. For example, if one matches 0011-12-26 against %m-%d-%Y and then against %Y-%m-%d, it seems useful for the first match to fail, as it would be perverse to parse that date as November 12, year 26. The second pattern parses it as December 26, year 11.
The Single UNIX Specification is not explicit that an unlimited number of leading zeroes are required, although it may imply this. The LSB explicitly allows implementations to have either behavior. Future versions of this standard may require implementations to forbid excess leading zeroes.
If stringp is NULL,
strsep
returns NULL
and does nothing else.
If stringp is non-NULL,
strsep
finds the first token in the
stringp, where tokens are delimited by symbols
in the string delim. This token is terminated
with a \0 character (by overwriting the delimiter) and
stringp is updated to point past the token. In
case no delimiter was found, the token is taken to be the entire string
stringp, and stringp is
made NULL.
strsep
returns a pointer to the token, that is,
it returns the original value of stringp.
strsep
was introduced as a replacement for
strtok
, since the latter cannot handle empty
fields. However, strtok
conforms to
ANSI-C and hence is more portable.
strsep
suffers from the same problems as
strtok
. In particular,
strsep
modifies the original string. Avoid it.
strsignal
returns a string describing the signal
number sig. The string can only be used until
the next call to strsignal
.
The array sys_siglist holds the signal description
strings indexed by signal number. strsignal
should
be used if possible instead of this array.
strsignal
returns the appropriate description
string, or an unknown signal message if the signal number is invalid.
On some systems (but not on Linux), a NULL
pointer may be returned instead for an invalid signal number.
strtok_r
parses the string
s into tokens.
[11]
The first call to strtok_r
should have
s as its first argument. Subsequent calls
should have the first argument set to NULL. Each
call returns a pointer to the next token, or
NULL when no more tokens are found.
If a token ends with a delimiter, this delimiting character is
overwritten with a \0 and a pointer to the next
character is saved for the next call to
strtok_r
. The delimiter string
delim may be different for each call.
ptrptr is a user allocated char* pointer. It shall be the same while parsing the same string.
Never use this function. Note that:
It modifies its first argument.
The identity of the delimiting character is lost.
It cannot be used on constant strings.
strtoq
converts the string nptr
to a quadt value. The conversion is done according to the given base, which
shall be between 2 and 36 inclusive,
or be the special value 0.
nptr may begin with an arbitrary amount of white
space (as determined by isspace
(3)), followed by a
single optional + or - sign character. If
base is 0 or 16,
the string may then include a 0x prefix, and the number will
be read in base 16; otherwise, a 0 base is taken as
10 (decimal), unless the next character is 0, in which
case it is taken as 8 (octal).
The remainder of the string is converted to a long value in the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter A in either upper or lower case represents 10, B represents 11, and so forth, with Z representing 35.)
strtoq
returns the result of the conversion,
unless the value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs,
strtoq
returns QUAD_MIN. If
an overflow occurs, strtoq
returns
QUAD_MAX. In both cases, the global variable
errno is set to ERANGE.
strtouq
converts the string nptr
to a uquadt value. The conversion is done according to the given base, which
shall be between 2 and 36 inclusive,
or be the special value 0.
nptr may begin with an arbitrary amount of white
space (as determined by isspace
(3)), followed by a
single optional + or - sign character. If
base is 0 or 16,
the string may then include a 0x prefix, and the number will
be read in base 16; otherwise, a 0 base is taken as
10 (decimal), unless the next character is 0, in which
case it is taken as 8 (octal).
The remainder of the string is converted to an unsigned long value in the obvious manner, stopping at the end of the string or at the first character that does not produce a valid digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter A in either upper or lower case represents 10, B represents 11, and so forth, with Z representing 35.)
On success, strtouq
returns either the result of
the conversion or, if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of
the result of the conversion, unless the original (non-negated) value
would overflow. In the case of an overflow the function returns
UQUAD_MAX and the global variable errno
is set to ERANGE.
Associates prognum and versnum with the service dispatch procedure, dispatch. If protocol is zero, the service is not registered with the portmap service. If protocol is non-zero, then a mapping of the triple [prognum, versnum,protocol] to xprt->xp_port is established with the local portmap service (generally protocol is zero, IPPROTO_UDP or IPPROTO_TCP). The procedure dispatch has the following form:
dispatch(request, xprt) struct svc_req *request; SVCXPRT *xprt;
The svc_run
routine never returns. It waits for RPC
requests to arrive, and calls the appropriate service procedure using
svc_getreq
when one arrives. This procedure is
usually waiting for a select
system call to return.
Called by an RPC service's dispatch routine to send the results of a remote procedure call. The parameter xprt is the request's associated transport handle; outproc is the XDR routine which is used to encode the results; and out is the address of the results. This routine returns one if it succeeds, zero other-wise.
svctcp_create
cretes a TCP/IP-based RPC service transport,
to which it returns a pointer. The transport is associated with the socket
sock, which may be RPC_ANYSOCK, in
which case a new socket is created. If the socket is not bound to a local TCP
port, ten this routine binds it to an arbitrary port. Upon completion,
xprt->xp_sock is the transport's socket descriptor,
and xprt->xp_port is the transport's port number. Since
TCP-based RPC uses buffered I/O, users may specify the size of buffers;
values of zero choose suitable defaults.
svctcp_create
returns NULL if it fails, or a pointer to
the RPC service transport otherwise.
system
executes a command specified in
string by calling /bin/sh -c
string, and returns after the command has been completed.
During execution of the command, SIGCHLD will be
blocked, and SIGINT and SIGQUIT
will be ignored.
The value 127 returned if the
execve
call for /bin/sh
fails, -1 if there was another error
and the return code of the command otherwise.
If the value of string is NULL, system
returns a nonzero value if the shell is available,
and zero if not.
system
does not affect the wait status of any
other children.
The fact that system
ignores interrupts is often
not what a program wants. The Single UNIX
Specification describes some of the consequences; an
additional consequence is that a program calling system
from a loop cannot be reliably interrupted. Many programs will want to use
the exec
(3) family of functions instead.
Do not use system
from a program with
suid or sgid privileges,
because strange values for some environment variables might be used
to subvert system integrity. Use the exec
(3)
family of functions instead, but not execlp
(3)
or execvp
(3). system
will
not, in fact, work properly from programs with suid
or sgid privileges on systems on which
/bin/sh is bash version 2,
since bash 2 drops privileges on startup.
(Debian uses a modified bash which does not do
this when invoked as sh.)
The check for the availability of /bin/sh is not actually performed; it is always assumed to be available. ISO C specifies the check, but POSIX.2 specifies that the return shall always be nonzero, since a system without the shell is not conforming, and it is this that is implemented.
It is possible for the shell command to return
127, so that code is not a sure
indication that the execve
call failed; check
the global variable errno to make sure.
textdomain
sets the current default message
catalog to domainname, which remains valid
across subsequent calls to setlocale
, and
gettext
.
On success, textdomain
returns the currently
selected domain. On error, a NULL pointer is returned.
If domainname is NULL,
textdomain
returns the current default.
If domainname is "", reset to the default of "messages".
unlink
is as specified in the
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3, but with differences as listed below.
See also Additional behaviors: unlink/link on directory>.
If path specifies a directory, the implementation may return EISDIR instead of EPERM as specified by ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3. [12]
vasprintf
writes formatted output to a string
dynamically allocated with malloc
, and stores
the address of the string in ptr.
verrx
displays a formatted error message on the
standard error output. The last component of the program name, a
colon character, and a space are output.
If fmt is not NULL, the formatted
error message, a colon, and a space are
output. The output is followed by a newline character.
verrx
does not return, but exits with the value
of eval.
vsyslog
is identical to syslog
as specified in the Single UNIX
Specification, except that arglist
(as defined by stdarg.h) replaces the variable
number of arguments.
The caller is responsible for running va_end
after calling vsyslog
.
wait3
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification, Version 2,
but with differences as listed below.
wait4
suspends execution of the current process
until a child (as specified by pid) has exited,
or until a signal is delivered whose action is to terminate the
current process or to call a signal handling function. If a child (as
requested by pid) has already exited by the
time of the call (a so-called "zombie" process), the function returns
immediately. Any system resources used by the child are freed.
The value of pid can be one of:
wait for any child process whose process group ID is equal to the absolute value of pid.
wait for any child process; this is equivalent to calling
wait3
.
wait for any child process whose process group ID is equal to that of the calling process.
wait for the child whose process ID is equal to the value of pid.
The value of options is a bitwise or of zero or more of the following constants:
return immediately if no child is there to be waited for.
return for children that are stopped, and whose status has not been reported.
If status is not NULL, wait4
stores status information in the location
status. This status can be evaluated with the
following macros:
[13]
is nonzero if the child exited normally.
evaluates to the least significant eight bits of the return code of
the child that terminated, which may have been set as the argument to
a call to exit
or as the argument for a return
statement in the main program. This macro can only be evaluated if
WIFEXITED
returned nonzero.
returns true if the child process exited because of a signal that was not caught.
returns the number of the signal that caused the child process to
terminate. This macro can only be evaluated if
WIFSIGNALED
returned nonzero.
returns true if the child process that caused the return is currently
stopped; this is only possible if the call was done using
WUNTRACED
.
returns the number of the signal that caused the child to stop. This
macro can only be evaluated if WIFSTOPPED
returned nonzero.
If rusage is not NULL, the
struct rusage
(as defined in
sys/resource.h) that it points to will be filled
with accounting information. (See getrusage
(2)
for details.
On success, the process ID of the child that exited is returned. On
error, -1 is returned (in particular, when
no unwaited-for child processes of the specified kind exist), or
0 if WNOHANG
was used
and no child was available yet. In the latter two cases, the global
variable errno is set appropriately.
No unwaited-for child process as specified does exist.
A WNOHANG
was not set and an unblocked signal or
a SIGCHILD was caught. This error is returned by
the system call. The library interface is not allowed to return
ERESTARTSYS, but will return
EINTR.
waitpid
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification,
but with differences as listed below.
warn
displays a formatted error message on the
standard error output. The last component of the program name, a
colon character, and a space are output.
If fmt is not NULL, the formatted
error message, a colon, and space are
output. The error message string affiliated with the current value of
the global variable errno is output. The output is
followed by a newline character.
warnx
displays a formatted error message on the
standard error output. The last component of the program name, a
colon character, and a space are output.
If fmt is not NULL, the formatted
error message, a colon, and space are
output. The output is followed by a newline character.
wcpcpy
is the wide-character equivalent of
stpcpy
. It copies the wide character string
src, including the terminating
L'\0' character, to the array dest.
The strings may not overlap.
The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least
wcslen
(src)+1
wide characters at dest.
wcpcpy
returns a pointer to the end of the
wide-character string dest, that is, a pointer to
the terminating L'\0' character.
wcpncpy
is the wide-character equivalent of
stpncpy
. It copies at most n
wide characters from the wide-character string src,
including the terminating L'\0' character, to the
array dest. Exactly n
wide characters are written at dest. If the
length wcslen
(src) is
smaller than n, the remaining wide characters
in the array dest are filled
with L'\0' characters. If the length
wcslen
(src) is greater
than or equal to n, the string
dest will not be L'\0'
terminated.
The strings may not overlap.
The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least n wide characters at dest.
wcpncpy
returns a pointer to the wide character one past
the last non-null wide character written.
wcscasecmp
is the wide-character equivalent of
strcasecmp
. It compares the wide-character string
s1 and the wide-character string
s2, ignoring case differences (towupper, towlower).
wcscasecmp
returns 0
if the wide-character strings s1 and
s2 are equal except for case distinctions. It
returns a positive integer if s1 is greater
than s2, ignoring case. It returns a negative
integer if s1 is smaller than
s2, ignoring case.
wcsdup
is the wide-character equivalent of
strdup
. It allocates and returns a new wide-character
string whose initial contents is a duplicate of the wide-character string
s.
Memory for the new wide-character string is obtained with
malloc
(3), and can be freed with
free
(3).
wcsdup
returns a pointer to the new wide-character
string, or NULL if sufficient memory was not
available.
wcsncasecmp
is the wide-character equivalent of
strncasecmp
. It compares the wide-character string
s1 and the wide-character string
s2, but at most n wide
characters from each string, ignoring case differences (towupper, towlower).
wcscasecmp
returns 0
if the wide-character strings s1 and
s2, truncated to at most length
n, are equal except for case distinctions. It
returns a positive integer if truncated s1 is
greater than truncated s2, ignoring case. It
returns a negative integer if truncated s1 is
smaller than truncated s2, ignoring case.
wcsnlen
is the wide-character equivalent of
strnlen
. It returns the number of wide-characters in
the string s, not including the terminating
L'\0' character, but at most maxlen.
In doing this, wcsnlen
looks only at the first
maxlen wide-characters at s
and never beyond s + maxlen.
wcsnlen
returns
wcslen
(s) if that is less than
maxlen, or maxlen if there is
no L'\0' character among the first
maxlen wide characters pointed to by
s.
wcsnrtombs
is like wcsrtombs
,
except that the number of wide characters to be converted, starting at
src, is limited to nwc.
If dest is not a NULL pointer,
wcsnrtombs
converts at most
nwc wide characters from the wide-character
string src to a multibyte string starting at
dest. At most len bytes
are written to dest. The state
ps is updated.
The conversion is effectively performed by repeatedly calling:
wcrtomb(dest, *src, ps) |
The conversion can stop for three reasons:
A wide character has been encountered that cannot be represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case src is left pointing to the invalid wide character, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and errno is set to EILSEQ.
nws wide characters have been converted without encountering a L'\0', or the length limit forces a stop. In this case, src is left pointing to the next wide character to be converted, and the number bytes written to dest is returned.
The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the terminating L'\0' (which has the side effect of bringing back ps to the initial state). In this case, src is set to NULL, and the number of bytes written to dest, excluding the terminating L'\0' byte, is returned.
If dest is NULL, len is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and that no destination length limit exists.
In both of the above cases, if ps is a
NULL pointer, a static anonymous state only known
to wcsnrtombs
is used instead.
The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least len bytes at dest.
wcsnrtombs
returns the number of bytes that
make up the converted part of multibyte sequence, not including
the terminating L'\0' byte. If a wide character was
encountered which could not be converted, (size_t)(-1) is returned,
and the global variable errno set to
EILSEQ.
The behavior of wcsnrtombs
depends on the
LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
Passing NULL as ps is not multi-thread safe.
wcstouq
converts the initial portion of the wide
string nptr to unsigned long long
int representation.
Table 6-28 defines the library name and shared object name for the libm library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Math specified in Table 6-29, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-29. libm - Math Function Interfaces
acos [1] | cexp [1] | expf [1] | jnf [2] | remquof [1] |
acosf [1] | cexpf [1] | expl [1] | jnl [2] | remquol [1] |
acosh [1] | cexpl [1] | expm1 [1] | ldexp [1] | rint [1] |
acoshf [1] | cimag [1] | fabs [1] | ldexpf [1] | rintf [1] |
acoshl [1] | cimagf [1] | fabsf [1] | ldexpl [1] | rintl [1] |
acosl [1] | cimagl [1] | fabsl [1] | lgamma [1] | round [1] |
asin [1] | clog [1] | fdim [1] | lgamma_r [2] | roundf [1] |
asinf [1] | clog10 [2] | fdimf [1] | lgammaf [1] | roundl [1] |
asinh [1] | clog10f [2] | fdiml [1] | lgammaf_r [2] | scalb [1] |
asinhf [1] | clog10l [2] | feclearexcept [1] | lgammal [1] | scalbf [2] |
asinhl [1] | clogf [1] | fegetenv [1] | lgammal_r [2] | scalbl [2] |
asinl [1] | clogl [1] | fegetexceptflag [1] | llrint [1] | scalbln [1] |
atan [1] | conj [1] | fegetround [1] | llrintf [1] | scalblnf [1] |
atan2 [1] | conjf [1] | feholdexcept [1] | llrintl [1] | scalblnl [1] |
atan2f [1] | conjl [1] | feraiseexcept [1] | llround [1] | scalbn [1] |
atan2l [1] | copysign [1] | fesetenv [1] | llroundf [1] | scalbnf [1] |
atanf [1] | copysignf [1] | fesetexceptflag [1] | llroundl [1] | scalbnl [1] |
atanh [1] | copysignl [1] | fesetround [1] | log [1] | significand [2] |
atanhf [1] | cos [1] | fetestexcept [1] | log10 [1] | significandf [2] |
atanhl [1] | cosf [1] | feupdateenv [1] | log10f [1] | significandl [2] |
atanl [1] | cosh [1] | finite [3] | log10l [1] | sin [1] |
cabs [1] | coshf [1] | finitef [2] | log1p [1] | sincos [2] |
cabsf [1] | coshl [1] | finitel [2] | logb [1] | sincosf [2] |
cabsl [1] | cosl [1] | floor [1] | logf [1] | sincosl [2] |
cacos [1] | cpow [1] | floorf [1] | logl [1] | sinf [1] |
cacosf [1] | cpowf [1] | floorl [1] | lrint [1] | sinh [1] |
cacosh [1] | cpowl [1] | fma [1] | lrintf [1] | sinhf [1] |
cacoshf [1] | cproj [1] | fmaf [1] | lrintl [1] | sinhl [1] |
cacoshl [1] | cprojf [1] | fmal [1] | lround [1] | sinl [1] |
cacosl [1] | cprojl [1] | fmax [1] | lroundf [1] | sqrt [1] |
carg [1] | creal [1] | fmaxf [1] | lroundl [1] | sqrtf [1] |
cargf [1] | crealf [1] | fmaxl [1] | matherr [2] | sqrtl [1] |
cargl [1] | creall [1] | fmin [1] | modf [1] | tan [1] |
casin [1] | csin [1] | fminf [1] | modff [1] | tanf [1] |
casinf [1] | csinf [1] | fminl [1] | modfl [1] | tanh [1] |
casinh [1] | csinh [1] | fmod [1] | nan [1] | tanhf [1] |
casinhf [1] | csinhf [1] | fmodf [1] | nanf [1] | tanhl [1] |
casinhl [1] | csinhl [1] | fmodl [1] | nanl [1] | tanl [1] |
casinl [1] | csinl [1] | frexp [1] | nearbyint [1] | tgamma [1] |
catan [1] | csqrt [1] | frexpf [1] | nearbyintf [1] | tgammaf [1] |
catanf [1] | csqrtf [1] | frexpl [1] | nearbyintl [1] | tgammal [1] |
catanh [1] | csqrtl [1] | gamma [3] | nextafter [1] | trunc [1] |
catanhf [1] | ctan [1] | gammaf [2] | nextafterf [1] | truncf [1] |
catanhl [1] | ctanf [1] | gammal [2] | nextafterl [1] | truncl [1] |
catanl [1] | ctanh [1] | hypot [1] | nexttoward [1] | y0 [1] |
cbrt [1] | ctanhf [1] | hypotf [1] | nexttowardf [1] | y0f [2] |
cbrtf [1] | ctanhl [1] | hypotl [1] | nexttowardl [1] | y0l [2] |
cbrtl [1] | ctanl [1] | ilogb [1] | pow [1] | y1 [1] |
ccos [1] | dremf [2] | ilogbf [1] | pow10 [2] | y1f [2] |
ccosf [1] | dreml [2] | ilogbl [1] | pow10f [2] | y1l [2] |
ccosh [1] | erf [1] | j0 [1] | pow10l [2] | yn [1] |
ccoshf [1] | erfc [1] | j0f [2] | powf [1] | ynf [2] |
ccoshl [1] | erfcf [1] | j0l [2] | powl [1] | ynl [2] |
ccosl [1] | erfcl [1] | j1 [1] | remainder [1] | |
ceil [1] | erff [1] | j1f [2] | remainderf [1] | |
ceilf [1] | erfl [1] | j1l [2] | remainderl [1] | |
ceill [1] | exp [1] | jn [1] | remquo [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Math specified in Table 6-30, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Referenced Specification(s)
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libm. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
#define DOMAIN 1 #define SING 2 struct exception { int type; char *name; double arg1; double arg2; double retval; } ; #define isinf(x) (sizeof (x) == sizeof (float) ? __isinff (x): sizeof (x) == sizeof (double) ? __isinf (x) : __isinfl (x)) #define isnan(x) (sizeof (x) == sizeof (float) ? __isnanf (x) : sizeof (x) == sizeof (double) ? __isnan (x) : __isnanl (x)) #define HUGE_VAL 0x1.0p2047 #define HUGE_VALF 0x1.0p255f #define HUGE_VALL 0x1.0p32767L #define NAN ((float)0x7fc00000UL) #define M_1_PI 0.31830988618379067154 #define M_LOG10E 0.43429448190325182765 #define M_2_PI 0.63661977236758134308 #define M_LN2 0.69314718055994530942 #define M_SQRT1_2 0.70710678118654752440 #define M_PI_4 0.78539816339744830962 #define M_2_SQRTPI 1.12837916709551257390 #define M_SQRT2 1.41421356237309504880 #define M_LOG2E 1.4426950408889634074 #define M_PI_2 1.57079632679489661923 #define M_LN10 2.30258509299404568402 #define M_E 2.7182818284590452354 #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846 #define INFINITY HUGE_VALF #define MATH_ERRNO 1 #define MATH_ERREXCEPT 2 |
Table 6-31 defines the library name and shared object name for the libpthread library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
Large File Support |
Linux Standard Base |
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 |
No external functions are defined for libpthread - Advanced Realtime Threads
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Posix Threads specified in Table 6-32, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-32. libpthread - Posix Threads Function Interfaces
_pthread_cleanup_pop [1] | pthread_cancel [2] | pthread_join [2] | pthread_rwlock_destroy [2] | pthread_setconcurrency [2] |
_pthread_cleanup_push [1] | pthread_cond_broadcast [2] | pthread_key_create [2] | pthread_rwlock_init [2] | pthread_setspecific [2] |
pread [2] | pthread_cond_destroy [2] | pthread_key_delete [2] | pthread_rwlock_rdlock [2] | pthread_sigmask [2] |
pread64 [3] | pthread_cond_init [2] | pthread_kill [2] | pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock [2] | pthread_testcancel [2] |
pthread_attr_destroy [2] | pthread_cond_signal [2] | pthread_mutex_destroy [2] | pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock [2] | pwrite [2] |
pthread_attr_getdetachstate [2] | pthread_cond_timedwait [2] | pthread_mutex_init [2] | pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock [2] | pwrite64 [3] |
pthread_attr_getguardsize [2] | pthread_cond_wait [2] | pthread_mutex_lock [2] | pthread_rwlock_trywrlock [2] | sem_close [2] |
pthread_attr_getschedparam [2] | pthread_condattr_destroy [2] | pthread_mutex_trylock [2] | pthread_rwlock_unlock [2] | sem_destroy [2] |
pthread_attr_getstackaddr [2] | pthread_condattr_getpshared [2] | pthread_mutex_unlock [2] | pthread_rwlock_wrlock [2] | sem_getvalue [2] |
pthread_attr_getstacksize [2] | pthread_condattr_init [2] | pthread_mutexattr_destroy [2] | pthread_rwlockattr_destroy [2] | sem_init [2] |
pthread_attr_init [2] | pthread_condattr_setpshared [2] | pthread_mutexattr_getpshared [2] | pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared [2] | sem_open [2] |
pthread_attr_setdetachstate [2] | pthread_create [2] | pthread_mutexattr_gettype [2] | pthread_rwlockattr_init [2] | sem_post [2] |
pthread_attr_setguardsize [2] | pthread_detach [2] | pthread_mutexattr_init [2] | pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared [2] | sem_timedwait [2] |
pthread_attr_setschedparam [2] | pthread_equal [2] | pthread_mutexattr_setpshared [2] | pthread_self [2] | sem_trywait [2] |
pthread_attr_setstackaddr [2] | pthread_exit [2] | pthread_mutexattr_settype [2] | pthread_setcancelstate [2] | sem_unlink [2] |
pthread_attr_setstacksize [2] | pthread_getspecific [2] | pthread_once [2] | pthread_setcanceltype [2] | sem_wait [2] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
[3]. Large File Support
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libpthread. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT 1 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL 1 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP 1 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE 2 #define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEFAULT_NP 2 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK 3 #define pthread_cleanup_pop(execute) _pthread_cleanup_pop(& _buffer,(execute));} #define __LOCK_INITIALIZER { 0, 0 } #define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER { __LOCK_INITIALIZER, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL,PTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEFAULT_NP, PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE } #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER {0,0,0,PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP,__LOCK_INITIALIZER} #define pthread_cleanup_push(routine,arg) {struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer _buffer;_pthread_cleanup_push(& _buffer,(routine),(arg)); #define PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER {__LOCK_INITIALIZER,0} struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer { void (*__routine) (void *); void *__arg; int __canceltype; struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *__prev; } ; typedef unsigned int pthread_key_t; typedef int pthread_once_t; typedef long long __pthread_cond_align_t; typedef unsigned long pthread_t; struct _pthread_fastlock { long __status; int __spinlock; } ; typedef struct _pthread_descr_struct *_pthread_descr; typedef struct { int __m_reserved; int __m_count; _pthread_descr __m_owner; int __m_kind; struct _pthread_fastlock __m_lock; } pthread_mutex_t; typedef struct { int __mutexkind; } pthread_mutexattr_t; typedef struct { int __detachstate; int __schedpolicy; struct sched_param __schedparam; int __inheritsched; int __scope; size_t __guardsize; int __stackaddr_set; void *__stackaddr; unsigned long __stacksize; } pthread_attr_t; typedef struct { struct _pthread_fastlock __c_lock; _pthread_descr __c_waiting; char __padding[48 - sizeof (struct _pthread_fastlock) - sizeof (_pthread_descr) - sizeof (__pthread_cond_align_t)]; __pthread_cond_align_t __align; } pthread_cond_t; typedef struct { int __dummy; } pthread_condattr_t; typedef struct _pthread_rwlock_t { struct _pthread_fastlock __rw_lock; int __rw_readers; _pthread_descr __rw_writer; _pthread_descr __rw_read_waiting; _pthread_descr __rw_write_waiting; int __rw_kind; int __rw_pshared; } pthread_rwlock_t; typedef struct { int __lockkind; int __pshared; } pthread_rwlockattr_t; #define PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE 0 #define PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED 0 #define PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT 0 #define PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE 0 #define PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED 1 #define PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED 1 #define PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED 1 #define PTHREAD_CANCELED ((void*)-1) #define PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED 0 #define PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE 0 #define PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS 1 #define PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE 1 |
typedef struct { struct _pthread_fastlock __sem_lock; int __sem_value; _pthread_descr __sem_waiting; } sem_t; #define SEM_FAILED ((sem_t*)0) #define SEM_VALUE_MAX ((int)((~0u)>>1)) |
The following interfaces are included in libpthread and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.
Other interfaces listed above for libpthread shall behave as described in the referenced base document.
Macro pthread_cleanup_pop
defines the ABI
_pthread_cleanup_pop
is as specified in the
Single UNIX Specification, Version 3.
Table 6-33 defines the library name and shared object name for the libgcc_s library
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libgcc_s. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
struct dwarf_eh_base { void *tbase; void *dbase; void *func; } ; struct _Unwind_Context; typedef unsigned int _Unwind_Ptr; typedef unsigned int _Unwind_Word; typedef enum { _URC_NO_REASON, _URC_FOREIGN_EXCEPTION_CAUGHT = 1, _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR = 2, _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR = 3, _URC_NORMAL_STOP = 4, _URC_END_OF_STACK = 5, _URC_HANDLER_FOUND = 6, _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT = 7, _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND = 8 } _Unwind_Reason_Code; struct _Unwind_Exception { _Unwind_Exception_Class; _Unwind_Exception_Cleanup_Fn; _Unwind_Word; _Unwind_Word; } ; #define _UA_SEARCH_PHASE 1 #define _UA_END_OF_STACK 16 #define _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE 2 #define _UA_HANDLER_FRAME 4 #define _UA_FORCE_UNWIND 8 |
Table 6-34 defines the library name and shared object name for the libdl library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
Linux Standard Base |
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 |
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Dynamic Loader specified in Table 6-35, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-35. libdl - Dynamic Loader Function Interfaces
dladdr [1] | dlclose [2] | dlerror [2] | dlopen [1] | dlsym [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libdl. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
#define RTLD_NEXT ((void *) -1l) #define RTLD_LOCAL 0 #define RTLD_LAZY 0x00001 #define RTLD_NOW 0x00002 #define RTLD_GLOBAL 0x00100 typedef struct { char *dli_fname; void *dli_fbase; char *dli_sname; void *dli_saddr; } Dl_info; |
The following interfaces are included in libdl and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.
Other interfaces listed above for libdl shall behave as described in the referenced base document.
#include <dlfcn.h> typedef struct { const char |
dladdr
is the inverse of dlsym
.
If address is successfully located inside a
module, dladdr
returns a nonzero
value, otherwise, it returns a 0.
On success, dladdr
fills in the fields of
dlip as follows:
the pathname of the module
the base address of the module
the name of the highest addressed symbol whose address precedes the given address
the address of that symbol
Shared objects shall be linked using the -shared option to the linker ld(1). The linker flag -rpath may be used to add a directory to the default search path for shared objects and shared libraries. The linker flag -E or the C compiler flag -rdynamic should be used to cause the application to export its symbols to the shared objects.
dlopen shall behave as specified in ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3, but with additional behaviors listed below.
If the file argument does not contain a slash character, then the system shall look for a library of that name in at least the following directories, and use the first one which is found:
The directories specified by the
DT_RPATH
dynamic entry.
The directories specified in the
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
environment variable (which is a colon separated list of pathnames).
This step shall be skipped for setuid
and setgid executables.
A set of directories sufficient to contain the libraries specified in this standard. [14]
dlsym
is as specified in the
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3, but with differences as listed below.
The value RTLD_NEXT, which is reserved for future use shall be available, with the behavior as described in ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3.
Table 6-36 defines the library name and shared object name for the libcrypt library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 |
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Encryption specified in Table 6-37, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Referenced Specification(s)
Table 6-38 defines the library name and shared object name for the libpam library
A single service name, other, shall always be present. The behavior of this service shall be determined by the system administrator. Additional service names may also exist. [15]
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
Linux Standard Base |
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Pluggable Authentication API specified in Table 6-39, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 6-39. libpam - Pluggable Authentication API Function Interfaces
pam_acct_mgmt [1] | pam_close_session [1] | pam_get_item [1] | pam_set_item [1] | pam_strerror [1] |
pam_authenticate [1] | pam_end [1] | pam_getenvlist [1] | pam_setcred [1] | |
pam_chauthtok [1] | pam_fail_delay [1] | pam_open_session [1] | pam_start [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libpam. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
typedef struct pam_handle pam_handle_t; struct pam_message { int msg_style; const char *msg; } ; struct pam_response { char *resp; int resp_retcode; } ; struct pam_conv { int (*conv) (int num_msg, const struct pam_message * *msg, struct pam_response * *resp, void *appdata_ptr); void *appdata_ptr; } ; #define PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF 1 #define PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON 2 #define PAM_ERROR_MSG 3 #define PAM_TEXT_INFO 4 #define PAM_SERVICE 1 #define PAM_USER 2 #define PAM_TTY 3 #define PAM_RHOST 4 #define PAM_CONV 5 #define PAM_RUSER 8 #define PAM_USER_PROMPT 9 #define PAM_SUCCESS 0 #define PAM_OPEN_ERR 1 #define PAM_USER_UNKNOWN 10 #define PAM_MAXTRIES 11 #define PAM_NEW_AUTHTOK_REQD 12 #define PAM_ACCT_EXPIRED 13 #define PAM_SESSION_ERR 14 #define PAM_CRED_UNAVAIL 15 #define PAM_CRED_EXPIRED 16 #define PAM_CRED_ERR 17 #define PAM_CONV_ERR 19 #define PAM_SYMBOL_ERR 2 #define PAM_AUTHTOK_ERR 20 #define PAM_AUTHTOK_RECOVER_ERR 21 #define PAM_AUTHTOK_LOCK_BUSY 22 #define PAM_AUTHTOK_DISABLE_AGING 23 #define PAM_TRY_AGAIN 24 #define PAM_ABORT 26 #define PAM_AUTHTOK_EXPIRED 27 #define PAM_BAD_ITEM 29 #define PAM_SERVICE_ERR 3 #define PAM_SYSTEM_ERR 4 #define PAM_BUF_ERR 5 #define PAM_PERM_DENIED 6 #define PAM_AUTH_ERR 7 #define PAM_CRED_INSUFFICIENT 8 #define PAM_AUTHINFO_UNAVAIL 9 #define PAM_DISALLOW_NULL_AUTHTOK 0x0001U #define PAM_ESTABLISH_CRED 0x0002U #define PAM_DELETE_CRED 0x0004U #define PAM_REINITIALIZE_CRED 0x0008U #define PAM_REFRESH_CRED 0x0010U #define PAM_CHANGE_EXPIRED_AUTHTOK 0x0020U #define PAM_SILENT 0x8000U |
The following interfaces are included in libpam and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.
Other interfaces listed above for libpam shall behave as described in the referenced base document.
pam_acct_mgmt
establishes the account's usability
and the user's accessibility to the system. It is typically called
after the user has been authenticated.
flags may be specified as any valid flag (namely,
one of those applicable to the flags argument of
pam_authenticate
). Additionally, the value of
flags may be logically or'd
with PAM_SILENT
.
Success.
User is valid, but user's authentication token has expired.
The correct response to this return-value is to require that the
user satisfy the pam_chauthtok
function before
obtaining service. It may not be possible for an application to do
this. In such a case, the user should be denied access until the
account password is updated.
User is no longer permitted access to the system.
Authentication error.
User is not permitted to gain access at this time.
User is not known to a module's account management component.
pam_authenticate
serves as an interface to the
authentication mechanisms of the loaded modules.
flags is an optional parameter that may be specified by the following value:
Instruct the authentication modules to return PAM_AUTH_ERR
if the user does not have a registered authorization token.
Additionally, the value of flags may be
logically or'd with PAM_SILENT
.
The process may need to be privileged in order to successfully call this function.
Success.
User was not authenticated or process did not have sufficient privileges to perform authentication.
Application does not have sufficient credentials to authenticate the user.
Modules were not able to access the authentication information. This might be due to a network or hardware failure, etc.
Supplied username is not known to the authentication service.
One or more authentication modules has reached its limit of tries authenticating the user. Do not try again.
One or more authentication modules failed to load.
pam_chauthtok
is used to change the
authentication token for a given user as indicated by the state
associated with the handle pamh.
flags is an optional parameter that may be specified by the following value:
User's authentication token should only be changed if it has expired.
Additionally, the value of flags may be
logically or'd with PAM_SILENT
.
Success.
A module was unable to obtain the new authentication token.
A module was unable to obtain the old authentication token.
One or more modules were unable to change the authentication token since it is currently locked.
Authentication token aging has been disabled for at least one of the modules.
Permission denied.
Not all modules were in a position to update the authentication token(s). In such a case, none of the user's authentication tokens are updated.
User is not known to the authentication token changing service.
pam_close_session
is used to indicate that
an authenticated session has ended. It is used to inform the module
that the user is exiting a session. It should be possible for the
PAM library to open a session and close the same session from
different applications.
flags may have the value
PAM_SILENT
to indicate that no output
should be generated as a result of this function call.
Success.
One of the required loaded modules was unable to close a session for the user.
pam_end
terminates use of the PAM library.
On success, the contents of *pamh are no
longer valid, and all memory associated with it is invalid.
Normally, pam_status is passed the value
PAM_SUCCESS
, but in the event of an
unsuccessful service application, the appropriate PAM error
return value should be used.
pam_fail_delay
specifies the minimum delay for the
PAM library to use when an authentication error occurs. The actual delay
can vary by as much at 25%. If this function is called multiple times,
the longest time specified by any of the call will be used.
The delay is invoked if an authentication error occurs during the
pam_authenticate
or pam_chauthtok
function calls.
Independent of the success of
pam_authenticate
or pam_chauthtok
,
the delay time is reset to its default value of 0 when the PAM library returns
control to the application from these two functions.
pam_get_item
obtains the value of the indicated
item_type. The possible values of
item_type are the same as listed for
pam_set_item
.
On success, item contains a pointer to the
value of the corresponding item. Note that this is a pointer to the
actual data and should not be free
'd or over-written.
Success.
Application passed a NULL
pointer for
item.
Application attempted to get an undefined item.
pam_getenvlist
returns a pointer to the complete
PAM environment. This pointer points to an array of pointers to
NUL
-terminated strings and must be terminated by a
NULL
pointer. Each string has the form "name=value".
The PAM library module allocates memory for the returned value and the associated strings. The calling application is responsible for freeing this memory.
pam_getenvlist
returns an array of string pointers
containing the PAM environment. On error, NULL
is returned.
pam_handle_t
is used to indicate that an
authenticated session has begun. It is used to inform the module that
the user is currently in a session. It should be possible for the PAM
library to open a session and close the same session from different
applications.
flags may have the value
PAM_SILENT
to indicate that no output be
generated as a rsult of this function call.
Success.
One of the loaded modules was unable to open a session for the user.
pam_set_item
(re)sets the value of one of the
following item_types:
service name
user name
terminal name
The value for a device file should include the /dev/ prefix. The value for graphical, X-based, applications should be the $DISPLAY variable.
remote host name
conversation structure
remote user name
string to be used when prompting for a user's name
The default value for this string is Please enter username: .
For all item_types other than
PAM_CONV
, item is a pointer
to a NULL
-terminated character string. In the case
of PAM_CONV
, item points to
an initialized pam_conv
structure.
Success.
An attempt was made to replace the conversation structure with a
NULL
value.
Function ran out of memory making a copy of the item.
Application attempted to set an undefined item.
pam_setcred
sets the module-specific credentials of
the user. It is usually called after the user has been authenticated,
after the account management function has been called and after a
session has been opened for the user.
flags maybe specified from among the following values:
set credentials for the authentication service
delete credentials associated with the authentication service
reinitialize the user credentials
extend lifetime of the user credentials
Additionally, the value of flags may be
logically or'd with PAM_SILENT
.
Success.
Module cannot retrieve the user's credentials.
User's credentials have expired.
User is not known to an authentication module.
Module was unable to set the credentials of the user.
pam_start
is used to initialize the PAM
library. It must be called prior to any other usage of the PAM
library. On success, *pamh becomes a handle
that provides continuity for successive calls to the PAM library.
pam_start
expects arguments as follows: the
service_name of the program, the
username of the individual to be
authenticated, a pointer to an application-supplied
pam_conv
structure, and a pointer to a
pam_handle_t pointer.
An application must provide the conversation function used for direct communication between a loaded module and the application. The application also typically provides a means for the module to prompt the user for a password, etc.
The structure, pam_conv, is defined to be,
struct pam_conv { int (*conv) (int num_msg, const struct pam_message * *msg, struct pam_response * *resp, void *appdata_ptr); void *appdata_ptr; }; |
When a module calls the referenced conv
function,
appdata_ptr is set to the second element of this
structure.
The other arguments of a call to conv
concern the information exchanged by module and application.
num_msg holds the length of the array of
pointers passed via msg. On success,
the pointer resp points to an array of
num_msg pam_response
structures, holding the application-supplied text. Note that
resp is a struct
pam_response
array and not an array of
pointers.
An LSB-conforming implementation may also support some utility libraries which are built on top of the interfaces provided by the base libraries. These libraries implement common functionality, and hide additional system dependent information such as file formats and device names.
Table 7-1 defines the library name and shared object name for the libz library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
zlib 1.2 Manual |
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Compression Library specified in Table 7-2, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 7-2. libz - Compression Library Function Interfaces
adler32 [1] | deflateInit_ [1] | gzerror [1] | gzread [1] | inflateInit2_ [1] |
compress [1] | deflateParams [1] | gzflush [1] | gzrewind [1] | inflateInit_ [1] |
compress2 [1] | deflateReset [1] | gzgetc [1] | gzseek [1] | inflateReset [1] |
crc32 [1] | deflateSetDictionary [1] | gzgets [1] | gzsetparams [1] | inflateSetDictionary [1] |
deflate [1] | get_crc_table [1] | gzopen [1] | gztell [1] | inflateSync [1] |
deflateCopy [1] | gzclose [1] | gzprintf [1] | gzwrite [1] | inflateSyncPoint [1] |
deflateEnd [1] | gzdopen [1] | gzputc [1] | inflate [1] | uncompress [1] |
deflateInit2_ [1] | gzeof [1] | gzputs [1] | inflateEnd [1] | zError [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. zlib 1.2 Manual
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libz. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
#define Z_NULL 0 #define MAX_WBITS 15 #define MAX_MEM_LEVEL 9 #define deflateInit2(strm,level,method,windowBits,memLevel,strategy) deflateInit2_((strm),(level),(method),(windowBits),(memLevel),(strategy),ZLIB_VERSION,sizeof(z_stream)) #define deflateInit(strm,level) deflateInit_((strm), (level), ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream)) #define inflateInit2(strm,windowBits) inflateInit2_((strm), (windowBits), ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream)) #define inflateInit(strm) inflateInit_((strm), ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream)) typedef int intf; typedef void *voidpf; typedef unsigned int uInt; typedef unsigned long uLong; typedef uLong uLongf; typedef void *voidp; typedef unsigned char Byte; typedef off_t z_off_t; typedef void *const voidpc; typedef voidpf (*alloc_func) (voidpf opaque, uInt items, uInt size); typedef void (*free_func) (voidpf opaque, voidpf address); struct internal_state { int dummy; } ; typedef Byte Bytef; typedef uInt uIntf; typedef struct z_stream_s { Bytef *next_in; uInt avail_in; uLong total_in; Bytef *next_out; uInt avail_out; uLong total_out; char *msg; struct internal_state *state; alloc_func zalloc; free_func zfree; voidpf opaque; int data_type; uLong adler; uLong reserved; } z_stream; typedef z_stream *z_streamp; typedef voidp gzFile; #define Z_NO_FLUSH 0 #define Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH 1 #define Z_SYNC_FLUSH 2 #define Z_FULL_FLUSH 3 #define Z_FINISH 4 #define Z_ERRNO (-1) #define Z_STREAM_ERROR (-2) #define Z_DATA_ERROR (-3) #define Z_MEM_ERROR (-4) #define Z_BUF_ERROR (-5) #define Z_OK 0 #define Z_STREAM_END 1 #define Z_NEED_DICT 2 #define Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION (-1) #define Z_NO_COMPRESSION 0 #define Z_BEST_SPEED 1 #define Z_BEST_COMPRESSION 9 #define Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY 0 #define Z_FILTERED 1 #define Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY 2 #define Z_BINARY 0 #define Z_ASCII 1 #define Z_UNKNOWN 2 #define Z_DEFLATED 8 |
Table 7-3 defines the library name and shared object name for the libncurses library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
CAE Specification, May 1996, X/Open Curses, Issue 4, Version 2 (ISBN: 1-85912-171-3, C610), plus Corrigendum U018 |
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Curses specified in Table 7-4, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 7-4. libncurses - Curses Function Interfaces
addch [1] | has_ic [1] | mvwaddchnstr [1] | scr_init [1] | vwscanw [1] |
addchnstr [1] | has_il [1] | mvwaddchstr [1] | scr_restore [1] | waddch [1] |
addchstr [1] | hline [1] | mvwaddnstr [1] | scr_set [1] | waddchnstr [1] |
addnstr [1] | idcok [1] | mvwaddstr [1] | scrl [1] | waddchstr [1] |
addstr [1] | idlok [1] | mvwchgat [1] | scroll [1] | waddnstr [1] |
attr_get [1] | immedok [1] | mvwdelch [1] | scrollok [1] | waddstr [1] |
attr_off [1] | inch [1] | mvwgetch [1] | set_curterm [1] | wattr_get [1] |
attr_on [1] | inchnstr [1] | mvwgetnstr [1] | set_term [1] | wattr_off [1] |
attr_set [1] | inchstr [1] | mvwgetstr [1] | setscrreg [1] | wattr_on [1] |
attroff [1] | init_color [1] | mvwhline [1] | setupterm [1] | wattr_set [1] |
attron [1] | init_pair [1] | mvwin [1] | slk_attr_set [1] | wattroff [1] |
attrset [1] | initscr [1] | mvwinch [1] | slk_attroff [1] | wattron [1] |
baudrate [1] | innstr [1] | mvwinchnstr [1] | slk_attron [1] | wattrset [1] |
beep [1] | insch [1] | mvwinchstr [1] | slk_attrset [1] | wbkgd [1] |
bkgd [1] | insdelln [1] | mvwinnstr [1] | slk_clear [1] | wbkgdset [1] |
bkgdset [1] | insertln [1] | mvwinsch [1] | slk_color [1] | wborder [1] |
border [1] | insnstr [1] | mvwinsnstr [1] | slk_init [1] | wchgat [1] |
box [1] | insstr [1] | mvwinsstr [1] | slk_label [1] | wclear [1] |
can_change_color [1] | instr [1] | mvwinstr [1] | slk_noutrefresh [1] | wclrtobot [1] |
cbreak [1] | intrflush [1] | mvwprintw [1] | slk_refresh [1] | wclrtoeol [1] |
chgat [1] | is_linetouched [1] | mvwscanw [1] | slk_restore [1] | wcolor_set [1] |
clear [1] | is_wintouched [1] | mvwvline [1] | slk_set [1] | wcursyncup [1] |
clearok [1] | isendwin [1] | napms [1] | slk_touch [1] | wdelch [1] |
clrtobot [1] | keyname [1] | newpad [1] | standend [1] | wdeleteln [1] |
clrtoeol [1] | keypad [1] | newterm [1] | standout [1] | wechochar [1] |
color_content [1] | killchar [1] | newwin [1] | start_color [1] | werase [1] |
color_set [1] | leaveok [1] | nl [1] | subpad [1] | wgetch [1] |
copywin [1] | longname [1] | nocbreak [1] | subwin [1] | wgetnstr [1] |
curs_set [1] | meta [1] | nodelay [1] | syncok [1] | wgetstr [1] |
def_prog_mode [1] | move [1] | noecho [1] | termattrs [1] | whline [1] |
def_shell_mode [1] | mvaddch [1] | nonl [1] | termname [1] | winch [1] |
del_curterm [1] | mvaddchnstr [1] | noqiflush [1] | tgetent [1] | winchnstr [1] |
delay_output [1] | mvaddchstr [1] | noraw [1] | tgetflag [1] | winchstr [1] |
delch [1] | mvaddnstr [1] | notimeout [1] | tgetnum [1] | winnstr [1] |
deleteln [1] | mvaddstr [1] | overlay [1] | tgetstr [1] | winsch [1] |
delscreen [1] | mvchgat [1] | overwrite [1] | tgoto [1] | winsdelln [1] |
delwin [1] | mvcur [1] | pair_content [1] | tigetflag [1] | winsertln [1] |
derwin [1] | mvdelch [1] | pechochar [1] | tigetnum [1] | winsnstr [1] |
doupdate [1] | mvderwin [1] | pnoutrefresh [1] | tigetstr [1] | winsstr [1] |
dupwin [1] | mvgetch [1] | prefresh [1] | timeout [1] | winstr [1] |
echo [1] | mvgetnstr [1] | printw [1] | touchline [1] | wmove [1] |
echochar [1] | mvgetstr [1] | putp [1] | touchwin [1] | wnoutrefresh [1] |
endwin [1] | mvhline [1] | putwin [1] | tparm [1] | wprintw [1] |
erase [1] | mvinch [1] | qiflush [1] | tputs [1] | wredrawln [1] |
erasechar [1] | mvinchnstr [1] | raw [1] | typeahead [1] | wrefresh [1] |
filter [1] | mvinchstr [1] | redrawwin [1] | unctrl [1] | wscanw [1] |
flash [1] | mvinnstr [1] | refresh [1] | ungetch [1] | wscrl [1] |
flushinp [1] | mvinsch [1] | reset_prog_mode [1] | untouchwin [1] | wsetscrreg [1] |
getbkgd [1] | mvinsnstr [1] | reset_shell_mode [1] | use_env [1] | wstandend [1] |
getch [1] | mvinsstr [1] | resetty [1] | vidattr [1] | wstandout [1] |
getnstr [1] | mvinstr [1] | restartterm [1] | vidputs [1] | wsyncdown [1] |
getstr [1] | mvprintw [1] | ripoffline [1] | vline [1] | wsyncup [1] |
getwin [1] | mvscanw [1] | savetty [1] | vw_printw [1] | wtimeout [1] |
halfdelay [1] | mvvline [1] | scanw [1] | vw_scanw [1] | wtouchln [1] |
has_colors [1] | mvwaddch [1] | scr_dump [1] | vwprintw [1] | wvline [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Curses specified in Table 7-5, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 7-5. libncurses - Curses Data Interfaces
COLORS [1] | COLS [1] | acs_map [1] | curscr [1] | |
COLOR_PAIRS [1] | LINES [1] | cur_term [1] | stdscr [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libncurses. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.
These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.
This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.
#define ERR (-1) #define OK (0) #define ACS_RARROW (acs_map['+']) #define ACS_LARROW (acs_map[',']) #define ACS_UARROW (acs_map['-']) #define ACS_DARROW (acs_map['.']) #define ACS_BLOCK (acs_map['0']) #define ACS_CKBOARD (acs_map['a']) #define ACS_DEGREE (acs_map['f']) #define ACS_PLMINUS (acs_map['g']) #define ACS_BOARD (acs_map['h']) #define ACS_LANTERN (acs_map['i']) #define ACS_LRCORNER (acs_map['j']) #define ACS_URCORNER (acs_map['k']) #define ACS_ULCORNER (acs_map['l']) #define ACS_LLCORNER (acs_map['m']) #define ACS_PLUS (acs_map['n']) #define ACS_S1 (acs_map['o']) #define ACS_HLINE (acs_map['q']) #define ACS_S9 (acs_map['s']) #define ACS_LTEE (acs_map['t']) #define ACS_RTEE (acs_map['u']) #define ACS_BTEE (acs_map['v']) #define ACS_TTEE (acs_map['w']) #define ACS_VLINE (acs_map['x']) #define ACS_DIAMOND (acs_map['`']) #define ACS_BULLET (acs_map['~']) #define getmaxyx(win,y,x) (y=(win)?((win)->_maxy+1):ERR,x=(win)?((win)->_maxx+1):ERR) #define getbegyx(win,y,x) (y=(win)?(win)->_begy:ERR,x=(win)?(win)->_begx:ERR) #define getyx(win,y,x) (y=(win)?(win)->_cury:ERR,x=(win)?(win)->_curx:ERR) #define getparyx(win,y,x) (y=(win)?(win)->_pary:ERR,x=(win)?(win)->_parx:ERR) #define WA_ALTCHARSET A_ALTCHARSET #define WA_ATTRIBUTES A_ATTRIBUTES #define WA_BLINK A_BLINK #define WA_BOLD A_BOLD #define WA_DIM A_DIM #define WA_HORIZONTAL A_HORIZONTAL #define WA_INVIS A_INVIS #define WA_LEFT A_LEFT #define WA_LOW A_LOW #define WA_NORMAL A_NORMAL #define WA_PROTECT A_PROTECT #define WA_REVERSE A_REVERSE #define WA_RIGHT A_RIGHT #define WA_STANDOUT A_STANDOUT #define WA_TOP A_TOP #define WA_UNDERLINE A_UNDERLINE #define WA_VERTICAL A_VERTICAL #define A_REVERSE NCURSES_BITS(1UL,10) #define COLOR_BLACK 0 #define COLOR_RED 1 #define COLOR_GREEN 2 #define COLOR_YELLOW 3 #define COLOR_BLUE 4 #define COLOR_MAGENTA 5 #define COLOR_CYAN 6 #define COLOR_WHITE 7 #define _SUBWIN 0x01 #define _ENDLINE 0x02 #define _FULLWIN 0x04 #define _ISPAD 0x10 #define _HASMOVED 0x20 typedef unsigned char bool; typedef unsigned long chtype; typedef struct screen SCREEN; typedef struct _win_st WINDOW; typedef chtype attr_t; typedef struct { attr_t attr; wchar_t chars[5]; } cchar_t; struct pdat { short _pad_y; short _pad_x; short _pad_top; short _pad_left; short _pad_bottom; short _pad_right; } ; struct _win_st { short _cury; short _curx; short _maxy; short _maxx; short _begy; short _begx; short _flags; attr_t _attrs; chtype _bkgd; bool _notimeout; bool _clear; bool _leaveok; bool _scroll; bool _idlok; bool _idcok; bool _immed; bool _sync; bool _use_keypad; int _delay; struct ldat *_line; short _regtop; short _regbottom; int _parx; int _pary; WINDOW *_parent; struct pdat _pad; short _yoffset; cchar_t _bkgrnd; } ; #define KEY_CODE_YES 0400 #define KEY_BREAK 0401 #define KEY_MIN 0401 #define KEY_DOWN 0402 #define KEY_UP 0403 #define KEY_LEFT 0404 #define KEY_RIGHT 0405 #define KEY_HOME 0406 #define KEY_BACKSPACE 0407 #define KEY_F0 0410 #define KEY_DL 0510 #define KEY_IL 0511 #define KEY_DC 0512 #define KEY_IC 0513 #define KEY_EIC 0514 #define KEY_CLEAR 0515 #define KEY_EOS 0516 #define KEY_EOL 0517 #define KEY_SF 0520 #define KEY_SR 0521 #define KEY_NPAGE 0522 #define KEY_PPAGE 0523 #define KEY_STAB 0524 #define KEY_CTAB 0525 #define KEY_CATAB 0526 #define KEY_ENTER 0527 #define KEY_SRESET 0530 #define KEY_RESET 0531 #define KEY_PRINT 0532 #define KEY_LL 0533 #define KEY_A1 0534 #define KEY_A3 0535 #define KEY_B2 0536 #define KEY_C1 0537 #define KEY_C3 0540 #define KEY_BTAB 0541 #define KEY_BEG 0542 #define KEY_CANCEL 0543 #define KEY_CLOSE 0544 #define KEY_COMMAND 0545 #define KEY_COPY 0546 #define KEY_CREATE 0547 #define KEY_END 0550 #define KEY_EXIT 0551 #define KEY_FIND 0552 #define KEY_HELP 0553 #define KEY_MARK 0554 #define KEY_MESSAGE 0555 #define KEY_MOVE 0556 #define KEY_NEXT 0557 #define KEY_OPEN 0560 #define KEY_OPTIONS 0561 #define KEY_PREVIOUS 0562 #define KEY_REDO 0563 #define KEY_REFERENCE 0564 #define KEY_REFRESH 0565 #define KEY_REPLACE 0566 #define KEY_RESTART 0567 #define KEY_RESUME 0570 #define KEY_SAVE 0571 #define KEY_SBEG 0572 #define KEY_SCANCEL 0573 #define KEY_SCOMMAND 0574 #define KEY_SCOPY 0575 #define KEY_SCREATE 0576 #define KEY_SDC 0577 #define KEY_SDL 0600 #define KEY_SELECT 0601 #define KEY_SEND 0602 #define KEY_SEOL 0603 #define KEY_SEXIT 0604 #define KEY_SFIND 0605 #define KEY_SHELP 0606 #define KEY_SHOME 0607 #define KEY_SIC 0610 #define KEY_SLEFT 0611 #define KEY_SMESSAGE 0612 #define KEY_SMOVE 0613 #define KEY_SNEXT 0614 #define KEY_SOPTIONS 0615 #define KEY_SPREVIOUS 0616 #define KEY_SPRINT 0617 #define KEY_SREDO 0620 #define KEY_SREPLACE 0621 #define KEY_SRIGHT 0622 #define KEY_SRSUME 0623 #define KEY_SSAVE 0624 #define KEY_SSUSPEND 0625 #define KEY_SUNDO 0626 #define KEY_SUSPEND 0627 #define KEY_UNDO 0630 #define KEY_MOUSE 0631 #define KEY_RESIZE 0632 #define KEY_MAX 0777 #define PAIR_NUMBER(a) (((a)& A_COLOR)>>8) #define NCURSES_BITS(mask,shift) ((mask)<<((shift)+8)) #define A_CHARTEXT (NCURSES_BITS(1UL,0)-1UL) #define A_NORMAL 0L #define NCURSES_ATTR_SHIFT 8 #define A_COLOR NCURSES_BITS(((1UL)<<8)-1UL,0) #define A_BLINK NCURSES_BITS(1UL,11) #define A_DIM NCURSES_BITS(1UL,12) #define A_BOLD NCURSES_BITS(1UL,13) #define A_ALTCHARSET NCURSES_BITS(1UL,14) #define A_INVIS NCURSES_BITS(1UL,15) #define A_PROTECT NCURSES_BITS(1UL,16) #define A_HORIZONTAL NCURSES_BITS(1UL,17) #define A_LEFT NCURSES_BITS(1UL,18) #define A_LOW NCURSES_BITS(1UL,19) #define A_RIGHT NCURSES_BITS(1UL,20) #define A_TOP NCURSES_BITS(1UL,21) #define A_VERTICAL NCURSES_BITS(1UL,22) #define A_STANDOUT NCURSES_BITS(1UL,8) #define A_UNDERLINE NCURSES_BITS(1UL,9) #define COLOR_PAIR(n) NCURSES_BITS(n,0) #define A_ATTRIBUTES NCURSES_BITS(~(1UL-1UL),0) |
Table 7-6 defines the library name and shared object name for the libutil library
The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:
Linux Standard Base |
An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Utility Functions specified in Table 7-7, with the full functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.
Table 7-7. libutil - Utility Functions Function Interfaces
forkpty [1] | login_tty [1] | logwtmp [1] | ||
login [1] | logout [1] | openpty [1] |
Referenced Specification(s)
[1]. Linux Standard Base
The following interfaces are included in libutil and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.
Other interfaces listed above for libutil shall behave as described in the referenced base document.
The forkpty() function joins openpty(), fork(), and login_tty() to create a new process operating on a pseudo-tty. The file descriptor of the master side of the pseudo-tty is returned in amaster, and null or the filename of the slave in name. If non-null, the termp and winp parameters will determine the terminal attributes and window size of the slave side of the pseudo-tty.
On success of the child process, zero is returned. When the parent process receives the PID of its child process, pid is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
The login() function updates the /var/run/utmp and /var/log/wtmp files with user information contained in ut.
login_tty() sets up for a login on the tty referenced by the file descriptor fdr. This function creates a new session, makes the tty for the current process the controlling terminal, sets the standard input, output, and error streams of the current process, and closes fdr.
Given the device line, the logout() function removes the entry from the corresponding /var/run/utmp system file.
Zero is returned if there was no entry to remove. A non-zero return value indicates success.
logwtmp() constructs an utmp structure using line, name, host, current time and current process id. Then it calls updwtmp() to append the structure to the utmp file.
Both functions are available under glibc2, but not under libc5. However, logwtmp occurs in the old libbsd.
int openpty(int *amaster, int *aslave, char *name, struct termios *termp, struct winsize *winp); |
The openpty() function finds an available pseudo-tty and returns file descriptors for the amaster and aslave. The filename of the slave is returned in name, otherwise a null. The terminal parameters of the slave will be set to the values in termp, otherwise a null. The window size of the slave will be set to the values in winp, otherwise a null.
If any operand (except one which follows --) starts with a hyphen the behavior is unspecified. [16]
The following table lists the Commands and Utilities. Unless otherwise specified the command or utility is described in the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). When an interface is not defined in the Single UNIX Specification, then the next prevailing standard is referenced (ie., POSIX, SVID).
The behavior of the interfaces described in this section are specified by the following standards.
Linux Standard Base [17] |
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 [18] |
Table 8-1. Commands and Utilities
[ [18] | ar [17] | at [17] | awk [17] | basename [18] |
batch [17] | bc [17] | cat [18] | chfn [17] | chgrp [17] |
chmod [18] | chown [17] | chsh [17] | cksum [18] | cmp [18] |
col [17] | comm [18] | cp [18] | cpio [17] | crontab [17] |
csplit [18] | cut [17] | date [18] | dd [18] | df [17] |
diff [18] | dirname [18] | dmesg [17] | du [17] | echo [17] |
egrep [17] | env [18] | expand [18] | expr [18] | false [18] |
fgrep [17] | file [17] | find [17] | fold [18] | fuser [17] |
gencat [18] | getconf [18] | gettext [17] | grep [17] | groupadd [17] |
groupdel [17] | groupmod [17] | groups [17] | gunzip [17] | gzip [17] |
head [18] | hostname [17] | iconv [18] | id [18] | install [17] |
install_initd [17] | ipcrm [17] | ipcs [17] | join [18] | kill [18] |
killall [17] | ln [18] | locale [18] | localedef [18] | logname [18] |
lpr [17] | ls [17] | lsb_release [17] | m4 [17] | make [18] |
man [18] | md5sum [17] | mkdir [18] | mkfifo [18] | mknod [17] |
mktemp [17] | more [17] | mount [17] | msgfmt [17] | mv [18] |
newgrp [17] | nice [18] | nl [18] | nohup [18] | od [17] |
passwd [17] | paste [18] | patch [17] | pathchk [18] | pidof [17] |
pr [18] | printf [18] | ps [18] | pwd [18] | remove_initd [17] |
renice [17] | rm [18] | rmdir [18] | sed [17] | sendmail [17] |
sh [18] | shutdown [17] | sleep [18] | sort [18] | split [18] |
strip [18] | stty [18] | su [17] | sync [17] | tail [18] |
tar [17] | tee [18] | test [18] | time [18] | touch [18] |
tr [18] | true [18] | tsort [18] | tty [18] | umount [17] |
uname [18] | unexpand [18] | uniq [18] | useradd [17] | userdel [17] |
usermod [17] | wc [18] | xargs [17] |
This section contains descriptions for commands and utilities whose specified behavior in the LSB contradicts or extends the standards referenced. It also contains commands and utilities only required by the LSB and not specified by other standards.
ar is deprecated from the LSB and is expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB. [19]
ar is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
need not be accepted.
has unspecified behavior.
has unspecified behavior; using -r is suggested.
at is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
is functionally equivalent to the -r option specified in the Single UNIX Specification.
need not be supported, but the '-d' option is equivalent.
need not be supported.
awk is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
Certain aspects of internationalized regular expressions are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions>.
The specification for batch is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with the following differences as listed below.
bc is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
processes exactly the POSIX bc language.
gives warnings for extensions to POSIX bc.
chfn changes user fullname and other information for a user's account. This information is typically printed by finger and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields for their own account, the super user may change the fields for any account.
The only restrictions placed on the contents of the fields is that no control characters may be present, nor any of comma, colon, or equal sign.
If none of the options are selected, chfn operates in an interactive fashion. The prompts and expected input in interactive mode are unspecified and should not be relied upon.
As it is possible for the system to be configured to restrict which fields a non-privileged user is permitted to change, applications should be written to gracefully handle these situations.
sets the user's full name.
sets the user's home phone number.
chgrp is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
chown is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
chsh changes the user login shell. This determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may only change the login shell for their own account, the super user may change the login shell for any account.
The only restrictions placed on the login shell is that the command name shall be listed in /etc/shells, unless the invoker is the super-user, and then any value may be added. Accounts which are restricted (in an implementation-defined manner) may not change their login shell.
If the -s option is not selected, chsh operates in an interactive mode. The prompts and expected input in this mode are implementation-defined.
col is as specified in the The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) Version 2, Commands and Utilities (XCU), Issue 5 (ISBN: 1-85912-191-8, C604) with the difference that the -p option has unspecified behavior.
Although col is shown as legacy in the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2, it is not (yet) deprecated in the LSB.
cpio is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
Certain aspects of internationalized filename globbing are optional; see Internationalization and Filename Globbing>.
crontab is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
cut is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
df is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with the following differences.
If the -k option is not specified, disk space is shown in unspecified units. Applications should specify -k.
If an argument is the absolute file name of a disk device node containing a mounted filesystem, df shows the space available on that filesystem rather than on the filesystem containing the device node (which is always the root filesystem).
clears the ring buffer contents after printing.
sets the level at which logging of messages is done to the console.
uses a buffer of bufsize to query the kernel ring buffer. This is 8196 by default (this matches the default kernel syslog buffer size in 2.0.33 and 2.1.103). If you have set the kernel buffer to larger than the default then this option can be used to view the entire buffer.
du is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
If the -k option is not specified, disk space is shown in unspecified units. Applications should specify -k.
The echo command is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with the following differences.
Unlike the behavior specified in the Single UNIX Specification, whether echo supports options is implementation defined. The behavior of echo if any arguments contain backslashes is also implementation defined. Applications shall not run echo with a first argument starting with a hyphen, or with any arguments containing backslashes; they shall use printf in those cases. [21]
file is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
find is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with additional options as specified below.
Certain aspects of internationalized filename globbing are optional; see Internationalization and Filename Globbing>.
fuser is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
The gettext utility retrieves a translated text string corresponding to string msgid from a message object generated with msgfmt utility.
The message object name is derived from the optional argument textdomain if present, otherwise from the TEXTDOMAIN environment. If no domain is specified, or if a corresponding string cannot be found, gettext prints msgid.
Ordinarily gettext looks for its message object in dirname/lang/LC_MESSAGES where dirname is the implementation-defined default directory and lang is the locale name. If present, the TEXTDOMAINDIR environment variable replaces the dirname.
This utility interprets C escape sequences such as \t for tab. Use \\ to print a backslash. To produce a message on a line of its own, either put a \n at the end of msgid, or use this command in conjunction with printf utility.
When used with the -s option the utility behaves like the echo utility. But it does not simply copy its arguments to standard output. Instead those messages found in the selected catalog are translated.
Retrieve translated messages from domainname.
Enable expansion of some escape sequences.
Suppress trailing newline.
The following operands are supported:
A domain name used to retrieve the messages.
A key to retrieve the localized message.
Specifies one or more locale names. See gettext message handling functions for more information.
Specifies locale name.
Specifies messaging locale, and if present overrides LANG for messages.
Specifies the text domain name, which is identical to the message object filename without .mo suffix.
Specifies the pathname to the message database, and if present replaces the implementation-defined default directory.
grep is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
Certain aspects of internationalized regular expressions are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions>.
specifies the numerical value of the group's ID. This value shall be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value shall be non-negative.
groupdel modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to group. The named group shall exist.
specifies the numerical value of the group's ID. This value shall be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value shall be non-negative. Any files which the old group ID is the file group ID shall have the file group ID changed manually.
changes the name of the group from group to group_name.
groups displays the current group ID names or values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in the group database, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. The optional user parameter will display the groups for the named user.
gzip tries to reduce the size of the named files. Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. If no files are specified, or if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output. gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
When compressing, gzip uses the deflate algorithm specified in RFC1951 and stores the result in a file using the gzip file format specified in RFC1952.
does nothing on Linux systems.
writes output on standard output; keeps original files unchanged. If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
decompresses.
forces compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the input data is not in a format recognized by gzip, and if the option --stdout is also given, copy the input data without change to the standard ouput: let gzip behave as cat. If -f is not given, and when not running in the background, gzip prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
lists the compressed size, uncompressed size, ration and uncompressed name for each compressed file. Gives the uncompressed size as -1 for files not in gzip format. Additionally displays method, crc and timestamp for the uncompress file when used in combination with --verbose.
The compression methods currently supported are deflate, compress, lzh (SCO compress -H) and pack. The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
With --name, the uncompressed name, date and time are those stored within the compress file, if present.
With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio for all files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With --quiet, the title and totals lines are not displayed.
displays the gzip license and quit.
does not save the original file name and time stamp by default when compressing. (The original name is always saved if the name had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original file name if present (remove only the gzip suffix from the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option is the default when decompressing.
always saves the original file name and time stamp when compressing; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the original file name and time stamp if present. This option is useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
suppresses all warnings.
travels the directory structure recursively. If any of the file names specified on the command line are directories, gzip will descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds there (or decompress them in the case of gunzip).
uses suffix .suf instead of .gz.
checks the compressed file integrity.
displays the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed or decompressed.
regulates the speed of compression using the specified digit #, where -1 or --fast indicates the fastest compression method (less compression) and -9 or --best indicates the slowest compression method (best compression). The default compression level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression at expense of speed).
The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.
displays the version number and compilation options, then quits.
hostname [-v] [-a] [--alias] [-d] [--domain] [-f] [--fqdn] [-i] [--ip-address] [--long] [-s] [--short] [-y] [--yp] [--nis] hostname [-v] [-F filename] [--file filename] [hostname] hostname [-v] [-h] [--help] [-V] [--version] |
hostname is used to either set or display the current host or domain name of the system. This name is used by many of the networking programs to identify the machine. The domain name is also used by NIS/YP.
When called without any arguments, the program displays the name of the system as returned by the gethostname(2) function.
When called with one argument or with the --file option, the commands set the host name or the NIS/YP domain name. Note, that only the super-user can change the names.
displays the alias name of the host (if used).
displays the name of the DNS domain.
reads the host name from the specified file. Comments (lines starting with a #) are ignored.
displays the FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name).
displays the IP address(es) of the host.
displays the short host name. This is the host name cut at the first dot.
tells what's going on.
displays the NIS domain name. If a parameter is given (or --file name) then root can also set a new NIS domain.
The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.
prints version information on standard output and exits successfully.
install [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST (1st format) install [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY (2nd format) install -d [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... (3rd format) |
In the first two formats, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the third format, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies).
makes a backup of each existing destination file.
is like --backup, but does not accept an argument.
treats all arguments as directory names; creates all components of the specified directories.
creates all leading components of DEST except the last, then copies SOURCE to DEST; useful in the 1st format.
sets group ownership, instead of process' current group.
sets permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x.
sets ownership (super-user only).
applies access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files.
strips symbol tables, only for 1st and 2nd formats.
overrides the usual backup suffix.
prints the name of each directory as it is created.
install_initd installs an init.d file that has been copied to the /etc/init.d location or symlink. In the postinstall script of a package, the program /usr/lib/lsb/install_initd configures a distribution's boot script system to call the init.d file of the package at an appropriate time. See also the Section called Installation and Removal of init.d Files in Chapter 13.
ipcs provides information on the ipc facilities for which the calling process has read access.
In some implementations of ipcs the -a option will print all information available. In other implementations the -a option will print all resource types. Therefore, applications shall not use the -a option.
Some implements of ipcs implement more output formats than are specified here. These options are not consistent between differing implementations of ipcs. Therefore, only the -t -c and -p option flags may be used. At least one of the -t -c and -p options shall be specified.
killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands. If no signal name is specified, SIGTERM is sent.
Signals can be specified either by name (e.g. -HUP) or by number (e.g. -1). Signal 0 (check if a process exists) can only be specified by number.
If the command name contains a slash (/), processes executing that particular file will be selected for killing, independent of their name.
killall returns a non-zero return code if no process has been killed for any of the listed commands. If at least one process has been killed for each command, killall returns zero.
A killall process never kills itself (but may kill other killall processes).
requires an exact match for very long names. If a command name is longer than 15 characters, the full name may be unavailable (i.e. it is swapped out). In this case, killall will kill everything that matches within the first 15 characters. With -e, such entries are skipped. killall prints a message for each skipped entry if -v is specified in addition to -e.
kills the process group to which the process belongs. The kill signal is only sent once per group, even if multiple processes belonging to the same process group were found.
asks interactively for confirmation before killing.
lists all known signal names.
does not complain if no processes were killed.
reports if the signal was successfully sent.
The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.
displays version information.
lpr uses a spooling daemon to print the named files when facilities become available. If no names appear, the standard input is assumed.
identifies binary data that is not to be filtered but sent as raw input to printer.
formats with "pr" before sending to printer.
sends output to the printer named printer instead of the default printer.
suppresses header page.
uses symbolic links.
specifies copies as the number of copies to print.
specifies name as the job name for the header page.
specifies title as the title used for "pr".
in addition to the Single UNIX Specification behavior of printing a slash for a directory, ls -p may display other characters for other file types.
Certain aspects of internationalized filename globbing are optional; see Internationalization and Filename Globbing>.
The lsb_release command prints certain LSB (Linux Standard Base) and Distribution information.
With no option, same as -v.
displays version of LSB against which distribution is compliant. The version is expressed as a colon seperated list of LSB module descriptions. LSB module descriptions are dash seperated tuples containing the module name, version, and architecture name. The output is a single line of text of the following format:
LSB Version:\t<ListAsDescribedAbove>
displays string id of distributor. The output is a single line of text of the following format:
Distributor ID:\t<DistributorID>
displays single line text description of distribution. The output is of the following format:
Description:\t<Description>
displays release number of distribution. The output is a single line of text of the following format:
Release:\t<Release>
displays codename according to distribution release. The output is a single line of text of the following format.
Codename:\t<Codename>
displays all of the above information.
displays all of the above information in short output format.
displays a human-readable help message.
The following command will list the LSB Profiles which are currently supported on this platform.
example% lsb_release -v LSB Version: core-2.0-ia32:graphics-2.0-ia32 |
forces a m4_ prefix to all builtins.
Add directory to the end of the search path for includes.
For each file, write to standard output a line containing the MD5 checksum of that file, followed by one or more blank characters, followed by the name of the file. The MD5 checksum shall be calculated according to RFC1321 and output as 32 hexadecimal digits (as RFC1321 does).
If no file names are specified as operands, read from standard input and use "-" as the file name in the output.
uses binary mode.
checks md5sum of all files listed in file against the checksum listed in the same file. The actual format of that file is the same as output of md5sum. That is, each line in the file describes a file.
Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE.
MAJOR MINOR are forbidden for TYPE p, mandatory otherwise. TYPE may be:
creates a block (buffered) special file.
creates a character (unbuffered) special file.
creates a FIFO.
sets permission mode (as in chmod), not a=rw - umask.
outputs version information and exits.
mktemp takes the given file name template and overwrites a portion of it to create a file name. This file name is unique and suitable for use by the application.
fails silently if an error occurs. This is useful if a script does not want error output to go to standard error.
operates in `unsafe' mode. The temp file will be unlinked before mktemp exits. This is slightly better than mktemp(3) but still introduces a race condition. Use of this option is not encouraged.
more is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
The more command need not respect the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables.
The more command need not support the following interactive commands:
g |
G |
u |
control u |
control f |
newline |
j |
k |
r |
R |
m |
' (return to mark) |
/! |
? |
N |
:e |
:t |
control g |
ZZ |
specifies an integer which is the screen size (in lines).
has unspecified behavior.
has unspecified behavior.
has unspecified behavior.
Either (1) clear the whole screen and then display the text (instead of the usual scrolling behavior), or (2) provide the behavior specified by the Single UNIX Specification. In the latter case, the syntax is "-p command".
has unspecified behavior.
starts at line number num.
specifies a string that will be searched for before each file is displayed.
The +num and +/string options are deprecated in the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2; however we shall continue to specify them because util-linux-2.11f does not support the replacement (-p command). The +command option as found in the Single UNIX Specification is more general than what we specify, but util-linux-2.11f appears to only support the more specific +num and +/string forms.
mount [-hV] mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t vfstype] mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options [,...]] device | dir mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir |
Files are named in a big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. mount serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, umount(8) will detach it again.
invokes verbose mode.
mounts all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.
combines with -a. to fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS servers in parallel.
causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it's not obvious, this `fakes' mounting the file system.
mounts without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only file system.
tolerates sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support this option.
mounts the file system read-only. A synonym is -o ro.
mounts the file system read/write. (default) A synonym is -o rw.
mounts the partition that has the specified label.
mounts the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require the file /proc/partitions to exist.
indicates a file system type of vfstype.
More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken.
options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma-separated string of options. Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file. The following options apply to any file system that is being mounted:
does all I/O to the file system asynchronously.
updates inode access time for each access. (default)
is mountable with -a.
uses default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.
interprets character or block special devices on the file system.
permits execution of binaries.
does not update inode access times on this file system.
is only explicitly mountable.
does not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.
does not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system.
does not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.
forbids an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system. (default)
attempts to remount an already-mounted file system. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a file system, especially to make a read-only file system writable.
mounts the file system read-only.
mounts the file system read-write.
allows set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.
does all I/O to the file system synchronously.
allows an ordinary user to mount the file system. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line user,exec,dev,suid).
The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.
outputs version.
msgfmt creates message object files from portable object files (filename.po), without changing the portable object files.
The .po file contains messages displayed to users by system utilities or by application programs. .po files can be edited, and the messages in them can be rewritten in any language supported by the system.
If input file is -, standard input is read.
The xgettext utility can be used to create .po files from script or programs.
msgfmt interprets data as characters according to the current setting of the LC_CTYPE locale category.
Add directory to list for input files search.
Use fuzzy entries in output. If this option is not specified, fuzzy entries are not included into the output.
Specify output file name as output-file. If multiple domains or duplicate msgids in the .po file are present, the behavior is unspecified. If output-file is -, output is written to standard output.
Direct the utility to work strictly following the UniForum/Sun implementation. Currently this only affects the naming of the output file. If this option is not given the name of the output file is the same as the domain name. If the strict UniForum mode is enabled the suffix .mo is added to the file name if it is not already present.
Detect and diagnose input file anomalies which might represent translation errors. The msgid and msgstr strings are studied and compared. It is considered abnormal that one string starts or ends with a newline while the other does not.
Also, if the string represents a format string used in a printf-like function both strings should have the same number of % format specifiers, with matching types. If the flag c-format or possible-c-format appears in the special comment #, for this entry a check is performed. For example, the check will diagnose using %.*s against %s, or %d against %s, or %d against %x. It can even handle positional parameters.
The filename.po operands are treated as portable object files. The format of portable object files is defined in EXTENDED DESCRIPTION.
Specifies one or more locale names. See gettext message handling functions for more information.
Specifies locale name.
Specifies locale name for all categories. If defined, overrides LANG, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES.
Specifies locale name for character handling.
Specifies messaging locale, and if present overrides LANG for messages.
The standard output is not used unless the option-argument of the -o option is specified as -.
The format of portable object files (.po files) is defined as follows. Each .po file contains one or more lines, with each line containing either a comment or a statement. Comments start the line with a hash mark (#) and end with the newline character. All comments and empty lines are ignored. The format of a statement is:
directive value
Each directive starts at the beginning of the line and is separated from value by white space (such as one or more space or tab characters). value consists of one or more quoted strings separated by white space. If two or more strings are specified as value, they are normalized into single string using the string normalization syntax the same as the ISO C language. Use any of the following types of directives:
domain domainname
msgid message_identifier
msgid_plural untranslated_string_plural
msgstr message_string
msgstr[n] message_string
The behavior of the domain directive is affected by the options used. See OPTIONS for the behavior when the -o option is specified. If the -o option is not specified, the behavior of the domain directive is as follows: (1) All msgids from the beginning of each .po file to the first domain directive are put into a default message object file, messages (or messages.mo if --strict option is specified). (2) When msgfmt encounters a domain domainname directive in the .po file, all following msgids until the next domain directive are put into the message object file domainname (or domainname.mo if --strict option is specified). (3) Duplicate msgids are defined in the scope of each domain. That is, a msgid is considered a duplicate only if the identical msgid exists in the same domain. (4) All duplicate msgids are ignored.
The msgid directive specifies the value of a message identifier associated with the directive that follows it. The msgid_plural directive specifies the plural form message specified to the plural message handling functions ngettext(), dngettext() or dcngettext(). The message_identifier string identifies a target string to be used at retrieval time. Each statement containing a msgid directive shall be followed by a statement containing a msgstr directive or msgstr[n] directives.
The msgstr directive specifies the target string associated with the message_identifier string declared in the immediately preceding msgid directive.
The msgstr[n] (where n = 0, 1, 2, ...) directive specifies the target string to be used with plural form handling functions ngettext(), dngettext() and dcngettext().
Message strings can contain the escape sequences \n for newline, \t for tab, \v for vertical tab, \b for backspace, \r for carriage return, \f for formfeed, \\ for backslash, \" for double quote, \ddd for octal bit pattern, and \xHH for hexadecimal bit pattern.
Comments should be in one of the following formats:
# translator-comments
#. automatic-comments
#: reference...
#, flag
The comments that starts with #. and #: are automatically generated by xgettext utility. The #: comments indicate the location of the msgid string in the source files in filename:line format. The #. comments are generated when -c option of the xgettext utility is specified. These comments are informative only and silently ignored by the msgfmt utility.
The #, comments requires one or more flags separated by comma (,) character. The following flags can be specified:
This flag can be generated by the msgmerge utility or can be inserted by the translator. It shows that the msgstr string might not be a correct translation (anymore). Only the translator can judge if the translation requires further modification, or is acceptable as is. Once satisfied with the translation, the translator then removes this fuzzy flag. The msgmerge programs inserts this when it combined the msgid and msgstr entries after fuzzy search only.
If this flag is specified, the msgfmt utility will not generate the entry for the immediately following msgid in the output message catalog.
The flags are automatically added by the xgettext utility and they should not be added manually. The c-format flag indicates that the msgid string is used as format string by printf-like functions. In case the c-format flag is given for a string the msgfmt utility does some more tests to check to validity of the translation.
The msgid entry with empty string ("") is called the header entry and treated specially. If the message string for the header entry contains nplurals=value, the value indicates the number of plural forms. For example, if nplurals=4, there are 4 plural forms. If nplurals is defined, there should be plural=expression in the same line, separated by a semicolon (;) character. The expression is a C language expression to determine which version of msgstr[n] to be used based on the value of n, the last argument of ngettext(), dngettext() or dcngettext(). For example:
nplurals=2; plural=n == 1 ? 0 : 1 |
indicates that there are 2 plural forms in the language; msgstr[0] is used if n == 1, otherwise msgstr[1] is used. Another example:
nplurals=3; plural=n==1 ? 0 : n==2 ? 1 : 2 |
indicates that there are 3 plural forms in the language; msgstr[0] is used if n == 1, msgstr[1] is used if n == 2, otherwise msgstr[2] is used.
If the header entry contains charset=codeset string, the codeset is used to indicate the codeset to be used to encode the message strings. If the output string's codeset is different from the message string's codeset, codeset conversion from the message strings's codeset to the output string's codeset will be performed upon the call of gettext(), dgettext(), dcgettext(), ngettext(), dngettext(), and dcngettext(). The output string's codeset is determined by the current locale's codeset (the return value of nl_langinfo(CODESET)) by default, and can be changed by the call of bind_textdomain_codeset().
Neither msgfmt nor any gettext() routine imposes a limit on the total length of a message. Installing message catalogs under the C locale is pointless, since they are ignored for the sake of efficiency.
Example 1: Examples of creating message objects from message files.
In this example module1.po and module2.po are portable message objects files.
example% cat module1.po # default domain "messages" msgid "msg 1" msgstr "msg 1 translation" # domain "help_domain" msgid "help 2" msgstr "help 2 translation" # domain "error_domain" msgid "error 3" msgstr "error 3 translation" example% cat module2.po # default domain "messages" msgid "mesg 4" msgstr "mesg 4 translation" # domain "error_domain" msgid "error 5" msgstr "error 5 translation" # domain "window_domain" msgid "window 6" msgstr "window 6 translation" |
The following command will produce the output files, messages, help_domain, and error_domain.
example% msgfmt module1.po |
The following command will produce the output files, messages, help_domain, error_domain, and window_domain.
example% msgfmt module1.po module2.po |
The following example will produce the output file hello.mo.
example% msgfmt -o hello.mo module1.po module2.po |
newgrp changes the current group ID during a login session. If the optional - flag is given, the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged.
outputs BYTES bytes per output line.
accepts arguments in pre-POSIX form.
The LSB supports option intermixtures with the following pre-POSIX specifications:
is equivalent to -t a, selects named characters.
is equivalent to -t fF, selects floats.
is equivalent to -t x2, selects hexadecimal shorts.
is equivalent to -t d2, selects decimal shorts.
is equivalent to -t d4, selects decimal longs.
passwd changes passwords for user and group accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, the super user may change the password for any account. passwd also changes password expiry dates and intervals. Applications may not assume the format of prompts and anticipated input for user interaction, because they are unspecified.
sets the maximum number of days a password remains valid.
sets the minimum number of days before a password may be changed.
sets the number of days warning the user will receive before their password will expire.
disables an account after the password has been expired for the given number of days.
disables an account by changing the password to a value which matches no possible encrypted value.
re-enables an account by changing the password back to its previous value.
patch is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with extensions as listed below.
reads and write all files in binary mode, except for standard output and /dev/tty. This option has no effect on POSIX-compliant systems.
interprets the patch file as a unified context diff.
Return the process ID of a process which is running the program named on the command line.[22]
instructs the program to only return one pid.
causes the program to also return process id's of shells running the named scripts.
omits processes with specified process id.
remove_initd processes the removal of the modifications made to a distribution's boot script system by the install_initd program. This cleanup is performed in the preuninstall script of a package; however, the package manager is still responsible for removing the /etc/init.d file. See also the Section called Installation and Removal of init.d Files in Chapter 13.
renice is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
sed is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification but with differences as listed below.
Certain aspects of internationalized regular expressions are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions>.
To deliver electronic mail (email), applications shall support the interface provided by /usr/sbin/sendmail (described here). This interface shall be the default delivery method for applications.
This program sends an email message to one or more recipients, routing the message as necessary. This program is not intended as a user interface routine.
With no flags, sendmail reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the message found there to all of the addresses listed. It determines the network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
It is recommended that applications use as few flags as necessary, none if possible.
Some agents allow aliasing on the local system to be prevented by preceding the address with a backslash.
The format of messages shall be as defined in RFC 2822.
reads mail from standard input and delivers to the recipient addresses. This is the default mode of operation.
lists information about messages currently in the input mail queue.
uses the SMTP protocol as described in RFC 2821; reads SMTP commands on standard input and writes SMTP responses on standard output.
Note that RFC 2821 specifies \r\n (CR-LF) be used at the end of each line, but pipes almost always use \n (LF) instead. To deal with this, agents will accept both \r\n and \n at the end of each line. When accepting \r\n, the \r before the \n is silently discarded.
explicitly sets the full name of the sender for incoming mail unless the message already contains a From: message header.
If the user running sendmail is not sufficiently trusted, then the actual sender may be indicated in the message, depending on the behavior of the agent.
explicitly sets the envelope sender address for incoming mail. If there is no From: header, the address specified in the From: header will also be set.
If the user running sendmail is not sufficiently trusted, then the actual sender will be indicated in the message.
ignores dots alone on lines by themselves in incoming messages. If -bs is also used, the behavior is unspecified.
delivers any mail in background, if supported; otherwise ignored.
delivers any mail in foreground, if supported; otherwise ignored.
mails errors back to the sender. (default)
writes errors to the standard error output.
does not send notification of errors to the sender. This only works for mail delivered locally.
is equivalent to -i.
indicates that the sender of a message should receive a copy of the message if the sender appears in an alias expansion. Ignored if aliases are not supported.
reads the message to obtain recipients from the To:, Cc:, and Bcc: headers in the message instead of from the command arguments. If a Bcc: header is present, it is removed from the message unless there is no To: or Cc: header, in which case a Bcc: header with no data is created, in accordance with RFC 2822.
If there are any arguments, they specify addresses to which the message is not to be delivered. That is, the argument addresses are removed from the recipients list obtained from the headers. Note: some agents implement this behavior in reverse, adding addresses instead of removing them. Others may disallow addresses in argument list. Therefore, applications should not put addresses in the argument list if -t is used.
This option is sometimes ignored when not in -bm mode (the default).
successful completion on all addresses. This does not indicate successful delivery.
there was an error.
This page is believed to reflect functionality provided by smail, exim and other implementations, not just the sendmail implementation.
shutdown brings the system down in a secure way. All logged-in users are notified that the system is going down, and login(1) is blocked. It is possible to shut the system down immediately or after a specified delay. All processes are first notified that the system is going down by the signal SIGTERM. If neither the -h or the -r argument is used, then the default behavior is to take the system to runlevel one where administrative tasks can be run.
uses /etc/shutdown.allow.
tells init(8) to wait sec seconds between sending processes the warning and the kill signal, before changing to another runlevel.
doesn't really shutdown; only sends the warning messages to everybody.
reboots after shutdown.
halts after shutdown. Powering off after halting is unspecified.
skips fsck on reboot.
forces fsck on reboot.
cancels an already running shutdown. With this option, it is of course not possible to give the time argument, but you can enter a explanatory message on the command line that will be sent to all users.
specifies when to shut down.
The time argument can have different formats. First, it can be an absolute time in the format hh:mm, in which hh is the hour (1 or 2 digits) and mm is the minute of the hour (in two digits). Second, it can be in the format +m, in which m is the number of minutes to wait. The word now is an alias for +0.
If shutdown is called with a delay, it creates the advisory file /etc/nologin which causes programs such as login(1) to not allow new user logins. shutdown only removes this file if it is stopped before it can signal init (i.e. it is cancelled or something goes wrong). Otherwise it is the responsibility of the system shutdown or startup scripts to remove this file so that users can login.
specifies message to send all users.
su is used to become another user during a login session. Invoked without a username, su defaults to becoming the super user. The optional argument - may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly.
The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are logged to detect abuses of the system. Applications may not assume the format of prompts and anticipated input for user interaction, because they are unspecified.
An optional command can be executed. This is done by the shell specified in /etc/passwd for the target user unless the -s or -m options are used. Any arguments supplied after the username will be passed to the invoked shell (shell shall support the -c command line option in order for a command to be passed to it).
The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of $PATH is reset to /bin:/usr/bin for normal users, or /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin for the super user. This may be changed with the ENV_PATH and ENV_SUPATH definitions in /etc/login.defs. When using the -m or -p options, the user's environment is not changed.
A subsystem login is indicated by the presense of a "*" as the first character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the root of a new filesystem which the user is actually logged into.
makes this a login shell.
passes command to the invoked shell. It is passed directly to the invoked shell (using the shell's -c option), so its syntax is whatever that shell can accept.
does not reset environment variables, and keeps the same shell if it is present in /etc/shells.
uses shell instead of the default in /etc/passwd. The shell specified shall be present in /etc/shells.
tar is as specified in the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2, but with differences as listed below.
Certain aspects of internationalized filename globbing are optional; see Internationalization and Filename Globbing>.
doesn't dump symlinks; dumps the files they point to.
filters the archive through gzip.
umount detaches the file system(s) mentioned from the file hierarchy. A file system is specified by giving the directory where it has been mounted.
invokes verbose mode.
unmounts without writing in /etc/mtab.
tries to remount read-only if unmounting fails.
unmounts all of the file systems described in /etc/mtab except for the proc filesystem.
indicates that the actions should only be taken on file systems of the specified type. More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken.
forces unmount (in case of an unreachable NFS system).
The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.
print version and exits.
useradd [-c comment] [-d home_dir] [-g initial_group] [-G group[,...]] [-m [-k skeleton_dir]] [-p passwd] [-r] [-s shell] [-u uid [ -o]] login useradd -D [-g default_group] [-b default_home] [-s default_shell] |
When invoked without the -D option, useradd creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line and the default values from the system. The new user account will be entered into the system files as needed, the home directory will be created, and initial files copied, depending on the command line options.
When invoked with the -D option, useradd will either display the current default values, or update the default values from the command line. If no options are specified, useradd displays the current default values.
specifies the new user's password file comment field value.
creates the new user using home_dir as the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the login name to default_home and use that as the login directory name.
specifies the group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name shall exist. A group number shall refer to an already existing group. If -g is not specified, the implementation will follow the normal user default for that system. This may create a new group or choose a default group that normal users are placed in. Applications which require control of the groups into which a user is placed should specify -g.
specifies a list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group.
specifies the user's home directory will be created if it does not exist. The files contained in skeleton_dir will be copied to the home directory if the -k option is used, otherwise the files contained in /etc/skel will be used instead. Any directories contained in skeleton_dir or /etc/skel will be created in the user's home directory as well. The -k option is only valid in conjunction with the -m option. The default is to not create the directory and to not copy any files.
is the encrypted password, as returned by crypt(3). The default is to disable the account.
creates a system account, that is, a user with a UID in the range reserved for system account users. If there is not a UID free in the reserved range the command will fail.
specifies the name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell.
specifies the numerical value of the user's ID. This value shall be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value shall be non-negative. The default is the smallest ID value greater than 499 which is not yet used.
specifies the initial path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be affixed to the end of default_home to create the new directory name if the -d option is not used when creating a new account.
specifies the group name or ID for a new user's initial group. The named group shall exist, and a numerical group ID shall have an existing entry.
specifies the name of the new user's login shell. The named program will be used for all future new user accounts.
specifies the new user's password file comment field value.
The -D option will typically be used by system administration packages. Most applications should not change defaults which will affect other applications and users.
Delete the user account named login. If there is also a group named login, this command may delete the group as well, or may leave it alone.
removes files in the user's home directory along with the home directory itself. Files located in other file system will have to be searched for and deleted manually.
usermod [-c comment] [-d home_dir [ -m]] [-g initial_group] [-G group[,...]] [-l login_name] [-p passwd] [-s shell] [-u uid [ -o]] login |
specifies the new value of the user's password file comment field.
specifies the user's new login directory. If the -m option is given the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist.
specifies the group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group name shall exist. A group number shall refer to an already existing group.
specifies a list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group.
changes the name of the user from login to login_name. Nothing else is changed. In particular, the user's home directory name should probably be changed to reflect the new login name.
is the encrypted password, as returned by crypt(3).
specifies the name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes the system to select the default login shell.
specifies the numerical value of the user's ID. This value shall be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value shall be non-negative. Any files which the user owns and which are located in the directory tree rooted at the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed automatically. Files outside of the user's home directory shall be altered manually.
An LSB conforming implementation shall adhere to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) 2.3
An LSB conforming application shall follow the FHS.
The FHS allows many components or subsystems to be optional. An application shall check for the existence of an optional component before using it, and should behave in a reasonable manner if the optional component is not present.
The FHS requirement to locate the operating system kernel in either / or /boot does not apply if the operating system kernel does not exist as a file in the filesystem.
The FHS specifies certain behaviors for a variety of commands if they are present (for example, ping or python). However, LSB applications shall not rely on any commands beyond those specified by the LSB. The mere existence of a command may not be used as an indication that the command behaves in any particular way.
The following directories or links need not be present: /etc/X11 /usr/bin/X11 /usr/lib/X11 /proc
The following shall exist under /dev. Other devices may also exist in /dev. Device names may exist as symbolic links to other device nodes located in /dev or subdirectories of /dev. There is no requirement concerning major/minor number values.
An infinite data source and data sink. Data written to this device shall be discarded. Reads from this device shall always return end-of-file (EOF).
This device is a source of zeroed out data. All data written to this device shall be discarded. A read from this device shall always return the requested number of bytes, each initialized to the value '\0'.
In each process, a synonym for the controlling terminal associated with the process group of that process, if any. All reads and writes to this device shall behave as if the actual controlling terminal device had been opened.
In this Chapter "System" means an "LSB conforming implementation" and "application" means an "LSB conforming (third party vendor) application".
The system shall grant to the application read and execute permissions needed to use all system interfaces (ABIs) mentioned in the LSB document and included standards.
The application should not depend on having directory write permission outside /tmp, /var/tmp, invoking user's home directory and /var/opt/package, (where package is the name of the application package).
The application should not depend on owning these directories.
For these directories the application should be able to work with directory write permissions restricted by the "sticky bit". (Which prevents the application from removing files owned by another user. This is classically done with /tmp, to prevent accidental deletion of "foreign" files.)
The application should not depend on file write permission on files not owned by the user it runs under with the exception of its personal inbox /var/mail/username
The application should not depend on having read permission to every file and directory.
The application should not depend on the suid/sgid permissions of a file not packaged with the application. Instead, the distribution is responsible for assuming that all system commands have the required permissions and work correctly.
Rationale: Let us make security officers happy. Let's give them the freedom to take sgid/suid perms away, as long as they do not break the system's functionality.
"Normal" applications should not depend on running as a privileged user.
Special applications that have a reason to run under a privileged user, should outline these reasons clearly in their documentation, if they are not obvious as in the case of a backup/restore program. Users of the application should be informed, that "this application demands security privileges, which could interfere with system security".
The application should not contain binary-only software that requires being run as root, as this makes security auditing harder or even impossible.
The application should not change permissions of files and directories that do not belong to its own package. To do so without a warning notice in the documentation is regarded as unfriendly act.
Applications that expect to be runnable from removable media should not depend on logging in as a privileged user, and should be prepared to deal with a restrictive environment. Examples of such restrictions could be default mount options that disable set-user/group-ID attributes, disabling block or character-special files on the medium, or remapping the user/group IDs of files away from 0. [23]
If the installation of an application requires the execution of programs with superuser privileges, such programs should also be supplied in a human-readable form.
Without this, the local system administrator would have to blindly trust a piece of software, particularly with respect to its security.
This section specifies behaviors in which there is optional behavior in one of the standards on which the LSB relies, and where the LSB requires a specific behavior. [24]
LSB conforming implementations shall support the following options defined within the ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3:
_POSIX_FSYNC |
_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES |
_POSIX_MEMLOCK |
_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE |
_POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION |
_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING |
_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS |
_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR |
_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE |
_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED |
_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS |
_POSIX_THREADS |
_XOPEN_UNIX |
The opendir()
function shall consume a file descriptor in the same
fashion as open
, and therefore may fail with
EMFILE
or ENFILE
.
The START and STOP termios characters shall be changeable, as described as optional behavior in the "General Terminal Interface" section of the ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3.
The access()
function
function shall fail with errno
set to EINVAL
if the
amode argument contains bits other than
those set by the bitwise inclusive OR of
R_OK
,
W_OK
,
X_OK
and
F_OK
.
The link()
function shall require access
to the existing file in
order to succeed, as described as optional behavior in the
ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3.
Calling unlink()
on a directory shall fail.
Calling link()
specifying a directory as the first
argument shall fail. See also unlink.
[25]
LSB conforming systems shall enforce certain special additional restrictions above and beyond those required by ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3. [26]
The fcntl() function shall treat the "cmd" value -1 as invalid.
The "whence" value -1 shall be an invalid value for the lseek(), fseek() and fcntl() functions.
The value "-5" shall be an invalid signal number.
If the sigaddset() or sigdelset() functions are passed an invalid signal number, they shall return with EINVAL. Implementations are only required to enforce this requirement for signal numbers which are specified to be invalid by this specification (such as the -5 mentioned above).
The mode value "-1" to the access() function shall be treated as invalid.
A value of -1 shall be an invalid "_PC_..." value for pathconf().
A value of -1 shall be an invalid "_SC..." value for sysconf().
The nl_item value "-1" shall be invalid for nl_langinfo.
The value -1 shall be an invalid "_CS_..." value for confstr().
The value "z" shall be an invalid mode argument to popen().
Applications may either install a message catalog in the MO format as
specified by the info page in version 0.10.40 of the gettext source package,
or the application may execute the msgfmt command during it's installation
to compile the message catalog. In either case, the resulting output shall be
located in the package's private area under /opt, and the
application may use bindtextdomain()
to specify this
location.
Implementations shall support the POSIX and C locales as specified in the Single UNIX Specification.
Utilities that process regular expressions shall support Basic Regular Expressions and Extended Regular Expressions as specified in the Single UNIX Specification, with the following exceptions:
Range expression (such as [a-z]) can be based on code point order instead of collating element order.
Equivalence class expression (such as [=a=]) and multi-character collating element expression (such as [.ch.]) are optional.
Handling of a multi-character collating element is optional.
This affects at least the following utilities: grep (grep>) (including egrep), sed (sed>), and awk (awk>).
Utilities that perform filename globbing (also known as Pattern Matching Notation) shall do it as specified in the Single UNIX Specification, with the following exceptions:
Range expression (such as [a-z]) can be based on code point order instead of collating element order.
Equivalence class expression (such as [=a=]) and multi-character collating element expression (such as [.ch.]) are optional.
Handling of a multi-character collating element is optional.
This affects at least the following utilities: cpio (cpio>), find (find>), ls (ls>) and tar (tar>).
Packages may not touch the configuration file /etc/crontab, nor may they modify the files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs.
If a package wants to install a job that has to be executed via cron, it shall place a file in one of the following directories:
/etc/cron.daily /etc/cron.weekly /etc/cron.monthly |
As these directory names say, the files within them are executed on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, respectively. See below for the rules concerning the names of these files.
If a certain job has to be executed more frequently than daily, the package shall install a file /etc/cron.d/cron-name tagged as configuration file. This file uses the same syntax as /etc/crontab and is processed by cron automatically.
It is recommended that files installed in any of these directories be scripts (shell scripts, Perl scripts, etc.) so that they may be modified by the local system administrator. In addition, they shall be registered as configuration file.
The scripts in these directories have to check, if all necessary programs are installed before they try to execute them. Otherwise, problems will arise when a package was removed (but not purged), since the configuration files are kept on the system in this situation.
To avoid namespace conflicts in the /etc/cron.* directories, the filenames used by LSB-compliant packages in /etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.weekly, /etc/cron.monthly, or /etc/cron.d shall come from a managed namespace. These filenames may be assigned using one of the following methods:
Assigned namespace. This namespace consists of names which only use the character set [a-z0-9]. In order to avoid conflicts these cron script names shall be reserved through the Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA). Information about the LANANA may be found at www.lanana.org.
Commonly used names shall be reserved in advance; developers for projects should be encouraged reserve names from LANA, so that each distribution can use the same name, and to avoid conflicts with other projects.
Hierarchical namespace. This namespace consists of scripts names which look like this: [hier1]-[hier2]-...-[name], where name is again taken the character set [a-z0-9], and where there may be one or more [hier-n] components. [hier1] may either be an LSB provider name assigned by the LANANA, or it may be owners' DNS name in lower case, with at least one '.'. I.e., "debian.org", "staroffice.sun.com", etc. The LSB provider name assigned by LANANA shall only consist of the ASCII characters [a-z0-9].
Reserved namespace. This namespace consists of script names which begin with the character '_', and is reserved for distribution use only. This namespace should be used for core packages only, and in general use of this namespace is highly discouraged.
Init files provided by LSB applications shall accept one argument, saying what to do:
start | start the service |
stop | stop the service |
restart | stop and restart the service if the service is already running, otherwise start the service |
try-restart | restart the service if the service is already running |
reload | cause the configuration of the service to be reloaded without actually stopping and restarting the service |
force-reload | cause the configuration to be reloaded if the service supports this, otherwise restart the service if it is running |
status | print the current status of the service |
The start, stop, restart, force-reload, and status commands shall be supported by all init files; the reload and the try-restart options are optional. Other init script actions may be defined by the init script.
Init files shall ensure that they will behave sensibly if invoked with start when the service is already running, or with stop when it isn't, and that they don't kill unfortunately-named user processes. The best way to achieve this is to use the init-script functions provided by /lib/lsb/init-functions.
If a service reloads its configuration automatically (as in the case of cron, for example), the reload option of the init file shall behave as if the configuration has been reloaded successfully. The restart, try-restart, reload and force-reload action may be atomic; i.e. if a service is known not be operational after a restart or reload, the script may return an error without any further action.
These executable files shall not fail obscurely when the configuration files remain but the package has been removed, as the default in [the packaging system] is to leave configuration files on the system after the package has been removed. Only when it is executed with the [purge] option will [the packaging system] remove configuration files. Therefore, you should include a test statement at the top of the file, like this:
test -f program-executed-later-in-file || exit 5 |
If the status command is given, the init script will return the following exit status codes.
0 | program is running or service is OK |
1 | program is dead and /var/run pid file exists |
2 | program is dead and /var/lock lock file exists |
3 | program is not running |
4 | program or service status is unknown |
5-99 | reserved for future LSB use |
100-149 | reserved for distribution use |
150-199 | reserved for application use |
200-254 | reserved |
In the case of init script commands other than "status" (i.e., "start", "stop", "restart", "try-restart", "reload", and "force-reload"), the init script shall return an exit status of zero if the action described by the argument has been successful. Otherwise, the exit status shall be non-zero, as defined below. In addition to straightforward success, the following situations are also to be considered successful:
restarting a service (instead of reloading it) with the "force-reload" argument
running "start" on a service already running
running "stop" on a service already stopped or not running
running "restart" on a service already stopped or not running
running "try-restart" on a service already stopped or not running
In case of an error, while processing any init script action except for "status", the init script shall print an error message and return one of the following non-zero exit status codes.
1 | generic or unspecified error (current practice) |
2 | invalid or excess argument(s) |
3 | unimplemented feature (for example, "reload") |
4 | user had insufficient privilege |
5 | program is not installed |
6 | program is not configured |
7 | program is not running |
8-99 | reserved for future LSB use |
100-149 | reserved for distribution use |
150-199 | reserved for application use |
200-254 | reserved |
Error and status messages should be printed with the logging functions such as log_failure_msg and so on. Scripts may write to standard error or standard output, but implementations need not present text written to standard error/output to the user or do anything else with it.
Since init files may be run manually by a system administrator with non-standard environment variable values for PATH, USER, LOGNAME, etc. init files shall not depend on the values of these environment variables. They should set them to some known/default values if they are needed.
LSB applications which need to execute script(s) at bootup and/or shutdown may provide one or more init.d files. These files are installed by the install_initd program described below, which copies it into a standard directory and makes whatever other adjustments (creation of symlinks, creation of entries in a database, etc.) are necessary so that the script can be run at boot-time. [27]
In the init.d file, information about the shell script shall be delimited by the lines "### BEGIN INIT INFO" and "### END INIT INFO". These delimiter lines may containg trailing whitespace, which shall be ignored. Inside this block there shall be lines of the form "# {keyword}: [arg1] [arg2] ...". (All lines inside this block start with a hash ('#') character in the first column, so that shell treats them as comments.) There shall be exactly one space character between "#" and the keyword.[28] The following keywords, with their arguments are defined in this specification:
# Provides: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...] # Required-Start: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...] # Required-Stop: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...] # Should-Start: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...] # Should-Stop: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...] # Default-Start: run_level_1 [ run_level_2 ...] # Default-Stop: run_level_1 [ run_level_2 ...] # Short-Description: short_description # Description: multiline_description |
Additional keywords may be defined in future LSB specifications. Distributions may define local extensions by using the prefix "X-[distribution name]" --- for example, "X-RedHat-foobardecl", or "X-Debian-xyzzydecl".
An init.d shell script may declare using the "Required-Start: " header that it shall not be run until certain boot facilities are provided. This information is used by the installation tool or the boot-time boot-script execution facility to assure that init scripts are run in the correct order. When an init script is run with a "start" argument, the boot facility or facilities specified in the "Provides" header shall be considered present, and hence init scripts which require those boot facilities would then be eligble to be run. When an init script is run with a "stop" argument, the boot facilities specified in the "Provides" header are considered no longer present. There are naming conventions for boot facilities and system facilities, as described in a following section.
Similarly, the "Required-Stop:" header defines which facilities shall still be available during the shutdown of that service. Hence, the init script system should avoid stopping shell scripts which provide those facilities until this shell script is stopped.
The "Should-Start:" header defines which facilities if present should be started before this service. This allows for weak dependencies which do not cause the service to fail if a facility is not available. But may cause reduced functionality of the service. Compliant applications should not rely on the existence of this feature.
The "Should-Stop:" header defines which facilities should be still available during the shutdown of that service.
The "Default-Start" and "Default-Stop" headers define which run levels should by default run the script with a start or stop argument, respectively, to start or stop the services controlled by the init script. [29]
The "Short-Description" and "Description" header fields are used to provide text which describes the actions of the init script. The "short_description" shall be a relatively short, pithy description of the init script, where as the "multiline_description" can be a much longer piece of text that may span mulitple lines. In a multiline description, each continuation line shall begin with a '#' followed by tab character or a '#' followed by at least two space characters. The multiline description is terminated by the first line that does not match this criteria.
The comment conventions described in this session are only required for use by LSB-compliant applications; system init scripts as provided by LSB-compliant run-time environments are not required to use the scheme outlined here.
An init.d file is installed in /etc/init.d (which may be a symlink to another location). This can be done by the package installer. See Script Names>. During the package's postinstall script, the program "/usr/lib/lsb/install_initd" configures the distribution's boot script system to call the package's init.d file at the appropriate time. [30]
The install_initd program takes a single argument, the pathname to the /etc/init.d file. For example:
/usr/lib/lsb/install_initd /etc/init.d/example.com-coffeed |
The install_initd program shall return an exit status of zero if the init.d file has been successfully installed or if the the init.d file was already installed. If the required boot facilities cannot be fulfilled an exit status of one shall be returned and the init.d file shall not be installed.
When a software package is removed, the package's preuninstall script shall call /usr/lib/lsb/remove_initd and pass the pathname to the /etc/init.d file. The package manager is still responsible for removing the /etc/init.d file; the remove_initd program is provided in case the distribution needs to clean up any other modifications in the distribution's boot script system that might have been made by the install_initd program. For example:
/usr/lib/lsb/remove_initd /etc/init.d/example.com-coffeed |
The remove_initd program shall return an exit status of zero if the init.d file has been successfully removed or if the the init.d file is not installed. If another init.d file which depends on a boot facility provided by this init.d file is installed, an exit status of one shall be returned and the init.d file shall remained installed.
There should be a tool available to the user (e.g., RedHat's chkconfig) which can be used by the system administrator to easily manipulate at which init levels a particular init.d script is started or stopped. This specification currently does not specify such an interface, however.
The following run levels are specified for use by the "Default-Start:" and "Default-Stop:" specifiers as defined by the section Comment Conventions for Init Scripts>. Many LSB run-time environments commonly use these run level definitions, and in the absence of other considerations, providers of run-time environments are strongly encouraged to follow this convention to provide consistency for system administrators who need to work with multiple distributions. However, it is not required that LSB-compliant run-time environments use these run levels; the distribution-provided install_initd script may map the run levels specified below to whatever distribution-specified run levels are most appropriate.
0 | halt |
1 | single user mode |
2 | multiuser with no network services exported |
3 | normal/full multiuser |
4 | reserved for local use, default is normal/full multiuser |
5 | multiuser with xdm or equivalent |
6 | reboot |
Boot facilities are used to indicate dependencies in init scripts, as defined in a previous section. Facility names that begin with a dollar sign ('$') are system facility names, defined by the LSB, and SHALL be provided by distributions. [31] LSB applications shall not provide facilities that begin with a dollar sign. This document defines the following facility names:
$local_fs | all local filesystems are mounted |
$network | low level networking (ethernet card; may imply PCMCIA running) |
$named | daemons which may provide hostname resolution (if present) are running[32] |
$portmap | daemons providing SunRPC/ONCRPC portmapping service[33] (if present) are running |
$remote_fs | all remote filesystems are mounted[34]. |
$syslog | system logger is operational |
$time | the system time has been set [35] |
Other (non-system) facilities may be defined by other LSB applications. These facilities shall be named using the same conventions defined for naming init.d script names. Commonly, the facility provided by an LSB application init.d script will have the same name as the name assigned to the init.d script.
Since the init.d scripts shall live in a single directory, they shall come from a single namespace. Three means of assigning names from this namespace are available:
Assigned namespace. This namespace consists of names which only use the character set [a-z0-9]. This space is desirable for scripts which system administrators may often wish to run manually: e.g., "/etc/init.d/named restart" In order to avoid conflicts these init.d names shall be reserved through the Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA). Information about the LANANA may be found at www.lanana.org.
Commonly used names shall be reserved in advance; developers for projects should be encouraged to reserve names from LANANA, so that each distribution can use the same name, and to avoid conflicts with other projects.
Hierarchical namespace. This namespace consists of scripts names which look like this: [hier1]-[hier2]-...-[name], where name is again taken the character set [a-z0-9], and where there may be one or more [hier-n] components. [hier1] may either be an LSB provider name assigned by the LANANA, or it may be owners' DNS name in lower case, with at least one '.' (e.g., "debian.org", "staroffice.sun.com"). The LSB provider name assigned by LANANA shall only consist of the ASCII characters [a-z0-9].
Reserved namespace. This namespace consists of script names which begin with the character '_', and is reserved for distribution use only. This namespace should be used for core packages only, and in general use of this namespace is highly discouraged.
In general, if a package or some system function is likely to be used on multiple systems, the package developers or the distribution SHOULD get a registered name through LANANA, and distributions should strive to use the same name whenever possible. For applications which may not be "core" or may not be commonly installed, the hierarchical namespace may be more appropriate. An advantage to the hierarchical namespace is that there is no need to consult with the LANANA before obtaining an assigned name.
Short names are highly desirable, since many system administrators like to use them to manually start and stop services. Given this, they should be standardized on a per-package basis. This is the rationale behind having a LANANA organization to assign these names. The LANANA may be called upon to handle other namespace issues, such as package/prerequisites naming (which is essential to making prerequisites to work correctly).
Each LSB-compliant init.d script shall source the file /lib/lsb/init-functions. This file shall cause the following shell script commands to be defined. This can be done either by adding a directory to the PATH variable which defines these commands, or by defining sh aliases. While the distribution-provided aliases may choose to use shell extensions (at the distribution's option), the LSB init.d files themselves should only depend in shell features as defined by the LSB.
The start_daemon, killproc and pidofproc functions shall use this algorithm for determining the status and the pid(s) of the specified program. They shall read the pidfile specified or otherwise /var/run/basename.pid and use the pid(s) herein when determining whether a program is running. The method used to determine the status is implementation defined, but should allow for non-binary programs. [36] Compliant implementations may use other mechanisms besides those based on pidfiles, unless the -p pidfile option has been used. Compliant applications should not rely on such mechanisms and should always use a pidfile. When a program is stopped, it should delete its pidfile. Multiple pid(s) shall be separated by a single space in the pidfile and in the output of pidofproc.
start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args] | This runs the specified program as a daemon. start_daemon shall check if the program is already running using the algorithm given above. If so, it shall not start another copy of the daemon unless the -f option is given. The -n option specifies a nice level. See nice(1). start_daemon should return the LSB defined exit status codes. It shall return 0 if the program has been successfully started or is running and not 0 otherwise. |
killproc [-p pidfile] pathname [signal] | This stops the specified program. The program is found using the algorithm given above. If a signal is specified, using the -signal_name or -signal_number syntaxes as specified by the kill command, the program is sent that signal. Otherwise, a SIGTERM followed by a SIGKILL after some number of seconds shall be sent. If a program has been terminated, the pidfile should be removed if the terminated process has not already done so. Compliant applications may use the basename instead of the pathname. killproc should return the LSB defined exit status codes. If called without a signal, it shall return 0 if the program has been stopped or is not running and not 0 otherwise. If a signal is given, it shall return 0 only if the program is running. |
pidofproc [-p pidfile] pathname | This function returns one or more pid(s) for a particular daemon using the algorithm given above. Only pids of running processes should be returned. Compliant applications may use the basename instead of the pathname. pidofproc should return the LSB defined exit status codes for "status". It shall return 0 if the program is running and not 0 otherwise. |
log_success_msg "message" | This requests the distribution to print a success message. The message should be relatively short; no more than 60 characters is highly desirable. |
log_failure_msg "message" | This requests the distribution to print a failure message. The message should be relatively short; no more than 60 characters is highly desirable. |
log_warning_msg "message" | This requests the distribution to print a warning message. The message should be relatively short; no more than 60 characters is highly desirable. |
A "user name" is a string that is used to identify a user. A "login name" is a user name that is associated with a system login. A "user id" is a non negative integer, which can be contained in an object of type uid_t, that is used to identify a system user.
When the identity of a user is associated with a process, a user ID value is referred to as a real user ID, or an effective user ID. [POSIX 1003.1-1996]
A "group name" is a string that is used to identify a set of users. A "group id" is a non negative integer, which can be contained in a object of type gid_t, that is used to identify a group of system users. Each system user is a member of at least one group. When the identity of a group is associated with a process, a group ID value is referred to as a real group ID, or an effective group ID. [POSIX 1003.1-1996]
The format of the User and Group databases is not specified. Programs may only read these databases using the provided API. Changes to these databases should be made using the provided commands.
Below is a table of required mnemonic user and group names. This specification makes no attempt to numerically assign uid or gid numbers. The exception is the uid and gid for "root" which are equal to 0.
Table 14-1. Required User & Group Names
User | Group | Comments |
root | root | Administrative user with no restrictions |
bin | bin | Legacy UID/GID[a] |
daemon | daemon | Legacy UID/GID[b] |
Notes: a. The 'bin' UID/GID is included for compatibility with legacy applications. New applications should no longer use the 'bin' UID/GID. b. The 'daemon' UID/GID was used as an unprivileged UID/GID for daemons to execute under in order to limit their access to the system. Generally daemons should now run under individual UID/GIDs in order to further partition daemons from one another. |
Below is a table of optional mnemonic user and group names. This specification makes no attempt to numerically assign uid or gid numbers. If the username exists on a system, then they should be in the suggested corresponding group. These user and group names are for use by distributions, not by applications.
Table 14-2. Optional User & Group Names
User | Group | Comments |
adm | adm | Administrative special privileges |
lp | lp | Printer special privileges |
sync | sync | Login to sync the system |
shutdown | shutdown | Login to shutdown the system |
halt | halt | Login to halt the system |
Mail special privileges | ||
news | news | News special privileges |
uucp | uucp | UUCP special privileges |
operator | root | Operator special privileges |
man | man | Man special privileges |
nobody | nobody | Used by NFS |
The differences in numeric values of the uids and gids between systems on a network can be reconciled via NIS, rdist(1), rsync(1), or ugidd(8). Only a minimum working set of "user names" and their corresponding "user groups" are required. Applications cannot assume non system user or group names will be defined.
Applications cannot assume any policy for the default umask or the default directory permissions a user may have. Applications should enforce user only file permissions on private files such as mailboxes. The location of the users home directory is also not defined by policy other than the recommendations of the FHS and shall be obtained by the *pwnam(3) calls.
The system UIDs from 0 to 99 should be statically allocated by the system, and not created by applications.
The system UIDs from 100 to 499 should be reserved for dynamically allocation by system administrators and post install scripts using useradd(1).
The purpose of specifying optional users and groups is to reduce the potential for name conflicts between applications and distributions.
[1] | The LSB generally does not include interfaces unlikely to be used by software applications. |
[2] | As of spring 2004, we don't know of any Linux kernel patches to switch to ENXIO, but we believe that such a kernel patch would be accepted if submitted. |
[3] | For example, if off_t is 64 bits. |
[4] | As of spring 2004, we don't know of any Linux kernel patches to switch to ENXIO, but we believe that such a kernel patch would be accepted if submitted. |
[5] | As of spring 2004, we don't know of any Linux kernel patches to switch to ENXIO, but we believe that such a kernel patch would be accepted if submitted. |
[6] | SIOCGIFCONF is similar to the
|
[7] | Historical UNIX systems disagree on the meaning of the return value. |
[8] | This was a deliberate Linus decision after an unpopular experiment in including the calling process in the 2.5.1 kernel. See "What does it mean to signal everybody?", Linux Weekly News, 20 December 2001, http://lwn.net/2001/1220/kernel.php3 |
[9] | As of spring 2004, we don't know of any Linux kernel patches to switch to ENXIO, but we believe that such a kernel patch would be accepted if submitted. |
[10] | Note the optional use of the buffer, unlike the
|
[11] | A token is a nonempty string of characters not occurring in the string delim, followed by \0 or by a character occurring in delim. |
[12] | The Linux kernel has deliberately chosen EISDIR for this case and does not expect to change (Al Viro, personal communication). |
[13] | These macros take the stat buffer (an int) as an argument -- not a pointer to the buffer! |
[14] | Traditionally, /lib and /usr/lib. This case would also cover cases in which the system used the mechanism of /etc/ld.so.conf and /etc/ld.so.cache to provide access. Example: An application which is not linked against libm may choose to dlopen libm. |
[15] | Future versions of this specification might define additional service names. |
[16] | Thus, applications should place options before operands, or use --, as needed. This text is needed because GNU option parsing differs from POSIX. For example, ls . -a in GNU ls means to list the current directory, showing all files (that is, "." is an operand and -a is an option). In POSIX, "." and -a are both operands, and the command means to list the current directory, and also the file named -a. Suggesting that applications rely on the setting of the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable, or try to set it, seems worse than just asking the applictions to invoke commands in ways which work with either the POSIX or GNU behaviors. |
[17] | Linux Standard Base |
[18] | ISO/IEC 9945:2003 Portable Operating System(POSIX)and The Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) V3 |
[19] | The LSB generally does not include software development utilities nor does it specify .o and .a file formats. |
[20] | The following two options are expected to be added in a future version of the LSB:
Note that some implementations contain a "-o other" option which specifies an additional field called "other". Traditionally, this field is not subject to the constraints about legitimate characters in fields. Also, one traditionally shall have appropriate privileges to change the other field. At this point there is no consensus about whether it is desirable to specify the other field; applications may wish to avoid using it. The "-w work_phone" field found in some implementations should be replaced by the "-p office_phone" field. The "-r room_number" field found in some implementations is the equivalent of the "-o office" option mentioned above; which one of these two options to specify will depend on implementation experience and the decision regarding the other field. The intention is for chfn to match the behavior of finger; some historical implementations have been broken in the sense that finger and chfn do not agree on what the fields are. |
[21] | The behavior specified here is similar to that specified by the Single UNIX Specification version 3 without the XSI option. However, the LSB forbids all options and the latter forbids only -n. |
[22] | Need further investigation on the behavior of various implementations concerning whether program is a full pathname, the basename only, the program as named by argv[0], or what. |
[23] | Rationale: System vendors and local system administrators want to run applications from removable media, but want the possibility to control what the application can do. |
[24] | The LSB does not require the kernel to be Linux; the set of mandated options reflects current existing practice, but may be modified in future releases. |
[25] | Linux allows |
[26] | These additional restrictions are required in order to support the testing and certification programs associated with the LSB. In each case, these are values that defined macros must not have; conforming applications that use these values shall trigger a failure in the interface that is otherwise described as a "may fail". |
[27] | This specification does not require, but is designed to allow, the development of a system which runs boot scripts in parallel. Hence, enforced-serialization of scripts is avoided unless it is explicitly necessary. |
[28] | More than one space, or a tab character, indicates the continuation line. |
[29] | For example, if you want a service to run in runlevels 3, 4, and 5 (only), specify "Default-Start: 3 4 5" and "Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6". |
[30] | For example, install_initd might create symbolic links in /etc/rc2.d and other such directories which point to the files in /etc/init.d (or it might update a database, or some other mechanism). The init.d files themselves should already be in /etc/init.d before running install_initd. |
[31] | The dollar sign does not indicate variable expansion as in many Linux utilities. Starting a facility name with a dollar sign is merely a way of dividing the namespace between the system and applications. |
[32] | For example, daemons to query DNS, NIS+, or LDAP |
[33] | as defined in RFC 1833 |
[34] | In some LSB run-time environments, filesystems such as /usr may be remote. Many applications that require $local_fs will probably require also require $remote_fs |
[35] | i.e., using a network-based time program such as ntp or rdate, or via the hardware Real Time Clock |
[36] | This note is only informative. Commonly used methods check either for the existence of the /proc/pid directory or use /proc/pid/exe and /proc/pid/cmdline. Relying only on /proc/pid/exe is discouraged since this results in a not-running status for daemons that are written in a script language. |